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YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state data for network devices. It defines a tree-like structure for data and is used to store, configure, and retrieve information from network devices. It is human readable and can be used to define actions and operations.

Kafka is a distributed messaging system that is open-source and can be used to send real-time notifications. However, it has more than four components, such as brokers, partitions, replicas, consumer groups and zookeeper. 

some of the benefits of virtualization are:

• Reduced capital and operating costs
• Better scalability
• Vendor agnostic
• Higher availability and resiliency
• Environmentally friendly

Virtualization enables decoupling of the software and hardware components, so that software can be deployed on any hardware platform without requiring the hardware to be specifically designed for the software. The other three options are all benefits of virtualization.

Software and hardware are tightly coupled is NOT a benefit of virtualization. Virtualization allows software to run independently of the hardware, enabling greater flexibility and scalability. This leads to reduced capital and operating costs, as well as vendor agnostic solutions.