FC0-U61 CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Certification Exam Questions and Answers

HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a type of storage device that uses magnetic disks to store data. HDD is the most vulnerable to magnetic damage among the options given because magnetic fields can interfere with the read/write heads or the magnetic disks, causing data loss or corruption. Flash, SSD (Solid State Drive), and Optical are not types of storage devices that use magnetic disks to store data. Flash and SSD are types of storage devices that use flash memory chips to store data. Optical is a type of storage device that uses laser beams to read or write data on optical discs, such as CDs, DVDs, or Blu-ray discs. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 3: Computing Components, page 122.

Antivirus is a type of software that protects a computer or device from malicious software or malware, such as viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, ransomware, etc. Antivirus software requires the most frequent updating to remain effective because new malware threats are constantly emerging and evolving. Antivirus software needs to update its database of malware signatures or definitions, which are the patterns or characteristics that identify known malware. Antivirus software also needs to update its scanning engine or algorithm, which is the method or technique that detects and removes malware. Host firewall, web browser, and device drivers are not types of software that require the most frequent updating to remain effective. Host firewall is a type of software that monitors and controls the network traffic to or from a computer or device based on rules or policies. Web browser is a type of software that allows users to access and view web pages or web applications on the Internet. Device drivers are types of software that enable the communication and interaction between the operating system and the hardware devices. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 8: Security Concepts, page 305.

 The code uses a for loop to iterate from 1 to 3, and assigns the value of i to the variable x. Then, it adds 3 to x and prints the result. The output of the code is:

3 (when i = 1, x = 1, x + 3 = 4) 6 (when i = 2, x = 2, x + 3 = 5) 9 (when i = 3, x = 3, x + 3 = 6)

References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 4: Programming Concepts and Data Structures, page 153.

 A database would be the best place to store data that requires analysis from multiple sources, such as sales, inventory, marketing, and compensation data. A database is a collection of organized and related data that can be stored, accessed, manipulated, and analyzed by software applications or users. A database can store various types of data, such as text, numbers, dates, images, etc., in tables, records, fields, or other structures. A database can also support queries, reports, transactions, security, backup, and recovery functions. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 142.

The easiest component to upgrade on a laptop that is experiencing slow performance is RAM. RAM stands for Random Access Memory, which is a type of volatile memory that stores data temporarily while the computer is running. RAM allows fast access and modification of data by the CPU, but it loses its contents when the power is turned off. Upgrading RAM can improve the performance of a laptop by increasing the amount of data that can be stored and processed at the same time, reducing the need for swapping or paging to the hard disk. Upgrading RAM on a laptop is usually easy, as it only requires opening a small panel on the back or side of the laptop and inserting or replacing the RAM modules into the slots. The motherboard is not the easiest component to upgrade on a laptop that is experiencing slow performance, but rather one of the most difficult components to upgrade. The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer that connects and controls all the other components, such as the CPU, RAM, GPU, etc. Upgrading the motherboard can improve the performance of a laptop by supporting newer or faster components, but it is also very complex, costly, and risky. Upgrading the motherboard on a laptop may require replacing or reconfiguring many other components, as well as ensuring compatibility and stability with the operating system and drivers. The GPU is not the easiest component to upgrade on a laptop that is experiencing slow performance, but rather one of the most difficult components to upgrade. The GPU stands for Graphics Processing Unit, which is a specialized component of a computer that handles graphics and image processing. Upgrading the GPU can improve the performance of a laptop by increasing the speed and quality of rendering graphics, especially for gaming or video editing applications. However, upgrading the GPU on a laptop is usually very hard or impossible, as most laptops have integrated GPUs that are soldered to the motherboard or CPU and cannot be replaced or upgraded. The CPU is not the easiest component to upgrade on a laptop that is experiencing slow performance, but rather one of the most difficult components to upgrade. The CPU stands for Central Processing Unit, which is the main component of a computer that executes instructions and performs calculations. Upgrading the CPU can improve the performance of a laptop by increasing the speed and efficiency of processing data, especially for multitasking or complex applications. However, upgrading the CPU on a laptop is usually very hard or impossible, as most laptops have integrated CPUs that are soldered to the motherboard and cannot be replaced or upgraded. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 1: IT Fundamentals

A primary key is a value that uniquely identifies a database record or a row in a table. A primary key can be a single column or a combination of columns that have unique values for each record. A primary key ensures that each record can be distinguished from others and prevents duplicate data. For example, in a database that stores information about employees, the employee ID column can be used as a primary key for each employee record56. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 5: Database Fundamentals3; What is Primary Key? - Definition from Techopedia7

A compiled language is a programming language that requires its source code to be converted into machine code before it can be executed by the CPU. A compiled language uses a compiler, which is a program that translates the source code into an executable file that contains machine code. A compiled language typically runs faster and more efficiently than an interpreted language, which does not need to be compiled before execution. Java is an example of a compiled language that can run on different platforms using the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which interprets the machine code for the specific hardware1112. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 4: Software Development3; What is Compiled Language? - Definition from Techopedia13

Phone numbers, although made up of digits, are best stored as strings in most programming and database contexts. This is because phone numbers may contain leading zeros, separators (such as dashes or spaces), and international codes that are not used in calculations as numeric values would be. Storing phone numbers as strings preserves the exact formatting and data integrity.References: Basic data type handling is a fundamental topic in IT education, as discussed in CompTIA IT Fundamentals and other programming foundational guides.

 HDD (Hard Disk Drive) is a type of storage device that uses magnetic disks to store data permanently. The physical location of the data in the database is on the HDD of the server or computer that hosts the database. The data can be accessed by using logical structures such as tables, columns, rows, and queries.

References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 5: Database Fundamentals, page 192.

 The output of the Breakfast program if it ran on Sunday would be pancakes. The program uses an if-else-if-else statement to choose among different breakfast options based on the day of the week input. The program first checks if the day input is equal to “Saturday”. If this condition is true, it prints “Waffles” and ends. If this condition is false, it checks if the day input is equal to “Sunday”. If this condition is true, it prints “Pancakes” and ends. If this condition is false, it prints “Oatmeal” and ends. Since the day input is “Sunday”, the second condition is true, and the program prints “Pancakes”.

The most likely cause of the device being accessible via the LAN but not remotely is firewall settings. A firewall is a software or hardware device that filters incoming and outgoing network traffic based on rules and policies. A firewall can block or allow traffic based on factors such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, protocols, and applications. If the firewall settings are too restrictive or misconfigured, they may prevent remote access to the device from outside the LAN. Improper switch configuration is unlikely to cause this issue, as switches are devices that forward packets within the same network segment based on MAC addresses. Switches do not block or filter traffic based on IP addresses or ports. Incorrect IP address is unlikely to cause this issue either, as an incorrect IP address would prevent the device from communicating with any other device on the network, not just remotely. Misconfigured access point is also unlikely to cause this issue, as access points are devices that provide wireless connectivity to the network. If the device is connected via a wired network, the access point is irrelevant. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 3: Infrastructure, page 95

DVI is the most likely connector that would be used to connect a display to a workstation. DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface, which is a standard that transmits digital video signals between devices. DVI can support high-resolution displays and multiple monitors. DVI connectors have three types: DVI-A (analog), DVI-D (digital), and DVI-I (integrated). DVI connectors have different numbers of pins depending on the type and mode. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 54.

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) connection is a secure way of transmitting data over the internet by creating an encrypted tunnel between the sender and the receiver. This protects data in transit from being intercepted, modified, or stolen by unauthorized parties. VPNs can also mask the identity and location of the users, adding another layer of privacy and security. Backup tapes, encrypted flash drives, and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) are methods of storing or transferring data, but they do not protect data in transit as effectively as VPNs. References:

• Chapter 35 Explain the Basics of Networking - CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ FC0-U61 Cert Guide
• CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Certification Exam Test Questions With Answers …
• CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ (ITF+) Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61

A concurrent license would be most cost-effective for an organization where all users need access to software but not at the same time. Concurrent licenses allow a certain number of users to access the software simultaneously, regardless of who those users are. This type of licensing is efficient and economical for environments with variable software usage patterns.References: Licensing models and their applications are discussed in CompTIA IT Fundamentals, which includes various types of software licenses and their suitability for different organizational needs.

 Fault tolerance is the ability of a system to continue functioning even when one or more components fail. RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) is a technology that uses multiple hard drives to store data in a way that improves performance and reliability. If one hard drive in the RAID array fails, the data can be recovered from another drive without losing any information. This is an example of fault tolerance.

References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 6: Infrastructure Concepts, page 240.

The final step in the standard troubleshooting methodology is to document the findings of the problem and the solution. This step involves recording the details of the problem, the steps taken to resolve it, the outcome of the solution, and any preventive measures implemented to avoid future occurrences. Documenting the findings can help to create a knowledge base for future reference, improve communication among IT professionals, and facilitate continuous improvement56. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 7: Explain the Troubleshooting Methodology3; Troubleshooting Methodology | IT Support and Help Desk | CompTIA7

 Traditional is the application delivery mechanism that best describes infrastructure located in an individual organization’s datacenter. Traditional application delivery is a method of deploying and running software applications on physical servers or hardware that are owned and managed by the organization itself. Traditional application delivery requires the organization to purchase, install, configure, maintain, and secure the infrastructure and resources needed to support the applications. Traditional application delivery offers more control and customization over the applications, but it also involves more cost and complexity. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 144.

Private browsing is a feature available in most modern web browsers that allows users to surf the internet without storing web history, cookies, site data, or form information. This mode prevents the browser from keeping track of user activity, thus aiding in maintaining privacy and reducing digital footprints.

References:The utility and application of private browsing are discussed in the "Internet Services" section of CompTIA IT Fundamentals documentation, outlining its role in maintaining user privacy.

The operating system is the software solution that ensures that programs running simultaneously on a workstation do not utilize the same physical memory. The operating system is the software that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer, such as the CPU, memory, disk, network, and applications. The operating system uses memory management techniques, such as virtual memory, paging, and segmentation, to allocate and deallocate physical memory to programs as needed, and to prevent memory conflicts or errors. A disk optimizer is a software solution that improves the performance of a disk drive by rearranging the files and free space on the disk to reduce fragmentation and increase access speed. A disk optimizer does not affect the physical memory usage of programs. A type 1 hypervisor is a software solution that creates and runs multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine by directly controlling the hardware resources. A type 1 hypervisor does not ensure that programs running simultaneously on a workstation do not utilize the same physical memory, but rather that virtual machines running simultaneously on a physical machine do not utilize the same hardware resources. An anti-malware is a software solution that protects a computer from malicious software, such as viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, or ransomware. An anti-malware does not ensure that programs running simultaneously on a workstation do not utilize the same physical memory, but rather that programs running on a workstation do not contain malicious code or behavior. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 4: Operating System Fundamentals

1 KB (kilobyte) equals approximately 8,000 bits. This calculation is based on the understanding that 1 byte consists of 8 bits, and a kilobyte is made up of about 1,000 bytes. Therefore, multiplying these values together gives us 8,000 bits for 1 kilobyte.

References:The basic units of digital information and their conversions, including bytes and bits, are frequently covered in CompTIA IT Fundamentals study materials, particularly in sections dealing with data storage and digital concepts.

Accounting software is specifically designed to manage financial transactions, including asset management functionalities such as calculating depreciation. This type of software supports various accounting processes, making it the most suitable choice for a finance department that needs to handle depreciation among other financial tasks.

References:CompTIA IT Fundamentals resources often explore different types of software applications used in business environments, including the specific uses of accounting software in managing financial operations.

 A structured database is a type of database that stores data in tables and columns, where each column has a predefined data type and each row represents a record. Structured databases are also known as relational databases, because they use keys and relationships to link data across tables. Structured databases are ideal for placing financial data, because they offer the following advantages:

• They are ACID compliant, which means they ensure the integrity, consistency, and reliability of transactions.
• They support a range of data types, such as numbers, dates, strings, and currencies, which are suitable for storing and manipulating financial data.
• They allow complex queries and calculations using SQL, which is a standard and widely used query language for financial analysis and reporting.
• They are collaborative, secure, and stable, which are essential features for managing and sharing financial data among multiple users and applications.

References: Database Types Explained {11 Database Types Explained} - phoenixNAP, Learn the Basics of Databases for Financial Professionals - Datarade, Data Sources in Financial Modeling - Definition, Types, CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Certification Guide, pages 218-219.

 An algorithm is a set of specific step-by-step instructions/procedures and conditional statements that will be used by a computer program to solve problems. An algorithm defines the logic and sequence of actions that a computer program must follow to perform a task or achieve a goal. An algorithm can be expressed in various ways, such as pseudocode, flowchart, or natural language. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 131.

A webcam operates strictly as an input device. Its primary function is to capture video and, in some cases, audio data, which it inputs into a computer system for processing or transmission. Unlike other devices listed, a webcam does not have output capabilities; it only sends data to the computer.

References:In the CompTIA IT Fundamentals study materials, different types of hardware components are classified according to their roles, and webcams are explicitly categorized as input devices, used for video conferencing, security monitoring, and other similar tasks.

 A managed relational database is a type of database that is hosted and maintained by a cloud service provider such as Microsoft Azure or Amazon Web Services. A relational database is a type of database that organizes data into tables that are related to each other by common fields or attributes. A managed relational database would be the best option for allowing multiple users to create and edit reports at the same time because it can handle concurrent user requests, provide high availability and scalability, and perform complex queries and operations on the data. A text file on a shared drive, an informational intranet page, and locally installed productivity software are not options that can allow multiple users to create and edit reports at the same time because they cannot handle concurrent user requests, provide high availability and scalability, or perform complex queries and operations on the data. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 5: Database Fundamentals, page 197.

 Full disk encryption would be the best way to keep the data on a laptop safe if the laptop is lost or stolen. Full disk encryption is a security technique that encrypts all the data on a hard drive, including the operating system, applications, and files. Full disk encryption prevents unauthorized access to the data without the correct password or key. Full disk encryption can protect the data on a laptop even if the laptop is physically removed or tampered with. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 203.

Processor speed is measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number of cycles per second that the processor can perform. The higher the processor speed, the faster the processor can execute instructions. Gigahertz (GHz) is equal to one billion hertz, while megahertz (MHz) is equal to one million hertz. Megabits per second (Mbps) and gigabits per second (Gbps) are units of data transfer rate, not processor speed. Therefore, 3.6GHz would indicate the fastest processor speed among the options given. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 3: Computing Components, page 114.

DNS (Domain Name System) is used when a user types a webpage name (like www.example.com ) into a browser's address field. DNS servers translate this domain name into the corresponding IP address so that the browser can load the appropriate website. This translation is essential for navigating the internet because web browsers communicate over IP addresses, not domain names.References: DNS is a fundamental network service discussed in CompTIA IT Fundamentals, which emphasizes its role in resolving human-friendly domain names to machine-readable IP addresses.

Branching in programming refers to the use of decision-making structures within the code, which allows the execution flow to change based on conditions. When a programmer needs to add a new subroutine that operates under specific conditions within an existing application, branching (such as if-else or switch-case statements) would be used to integrate this new functionality seamlessly. This allows the application to execute different sections of code based on the requirements of the new product line.References: Programming fundamentals, including the concepts of loops, branches, and functions, are often discussed in introductory programming courses and texts, which are also foundational components of IT education as per CompTIA's guidelines.

 A hypervisor is a software program that allows multiple operating systems (OS) to run on the same physical hardware as virtual machines (VMs). A hypervisor can be classified into two types: Type 1 and Type 2. A Type 1 hypervisor interacts directly with the hardware and does not need an underlying OS to function. A Type 1 hypervisor is also known as a bare-metal hypervisor or a native hypervisor. A Type 1 hypervisor can manage storage, network, and VMs more efficiently and securely than a Type 2 hypervisor89. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 3: IT Infrastructure3; What is Hypervisor? - Definition from Techopedia10

A trademark is a type of intellectual property that protects a word, phrase, symbol, or design that identifies and distinguishes the source of goods or services of one party from those of others. A slogan of a business is an example of a trademark that can be legally protected from unauthorized use by other parties. A trademark can be registered with the appropriate authority to obtain exclusive rights and benefits. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 211.

A system usage agreement is a document that defines the rules and expectations for using a company’s IT resources, such as computers, networks, intranets, software, and data. A system usage agreement typically covers topics such as acceptable use, security, privacy, monitoring, ownership, and consequences of violations. A system usage agreement helps to protect the company’s assets, reputation, and legal compliance, as well as the users’ rights and responsibilities. Privacy expectations on a company intranet should be limited to what is stated in the system usage agreement, as the company has the right and the duty to monitor and control the intranet for business purposes. Users should not assume that their activities on the intranet are private or confidential, unless the system usage agreement explicitly guarantees such privacy. The other options, such as precedents, HR policy, and word of mouth, are not reliable or consistent sources of privacy expectations, as they may vary, change, or conflict with the system usage agreement or the law. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Certification Guide, page 100; 10 Intranet Best Practices for a Successful Intranet in 2021, point 7.

Satellite internet service is a type of internet service that uses satellites orbiting the earth to transmit and receive data signals from users’ devices. Satellite internet service can provide internet access to remote or rural areas where other types of internet service are not available or reliable. However, satellite internet service is also more susceptible to weather disruptions than other types of internet service, such as cable, DSL (digital subscriber line), or fiber. Weather conditions such as rain, snow, clouds, wind, or storms can interfere with the signal quality and strength between the satellite and the user’s device, causing slow speeds, latency (delay), packet loss (data loss), or connection drops. Therefore, satellite internet service users may experience poor or inconsistent internet performance during bad weather

Looping is a function that allows a programmer to repeat a block of code for a certain number of times or until a condition is met. This is useful for iterating rows that provide values needed for one calculation, as it can perform the same operation on each row without writing redundant code. Branching is a function that allows a programmer to execute different blocks of code depending on a condition, such as an if-else statement. Pausing for input is a function that allows a programmer to stop the execution of the code and wait for the user to enter some data, such as using the input() function in Python. Sorting is a function that allows a programmer to arrange a collection of data in a certain order, such as ascending or descending. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 4: Software Development Concepts, page 139

A string is the data type that a developer should use when creating a variable to hold a postal code. A string is a sequence of characters that can represent text, symbols, or numbers. A string can store any value that can be typed on a keyboard, such as “Hello”, “123”, or “90210”. A string is enclosed by quotation marks to distinguish it from other types of data. A postal code is an example of a value that can be stored as a string. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 139.

This pseudocode snippet correctly implements the requirement to apply a cost-of-living increase to employees making less than $15 per hour. By using a loop (For all employees in the list), it ensures that every employee meeting the condition (making less than $15 per hour) will have their salary adjusted by multiplying it by 1.032. This approach efficiently processes each relevant entry just once and applies the necessary increase accurately.

References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals documents typically cover basic programming concepts and logic, including how to use loops and conditions in pseudocode to manipulate data based on specific criteria.

 A postal code is a string of alphanumeric characters that identifies a specific location. A string data type is used to store text or character data, such as names, addresses, or postal codes. A float data type is used to store decimal numbers, such as prices or weights. A boolean data type is used to store logical values, such as true or false. An integer data type is used to store whole numbers, such as counts or quantities. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 6: Database Fundamentals1

The best solution for the technician to resolve the issue quickly is to add an access point for the users. An access point is a device that provides wireless connectivity to the network. An access point can be connected to a wired network and extend its coverage to wireless devices, such as laptops, smartphones, or tablets. By adding an access point on the west side of the building, the technician can enable the users’ laptops to connect to the internet wirelessly without changing their hardware or software settings. Adding a switch and hardwiring the users’ laptops is not a quick solution, as it would require installing cables and configuring the network settings on each laptop. Adding a network router is not necessary, as a router is a device that connects multiple networks and routes traffic between them. A router does not provide wireless connectivity by itself, unless it has a built-in access point. Replacing the users’ laptops with desktop computers is not a feasible solution, as it would incur high costs and inconvenience for the users. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 3: Infrastructure, pages 90-91

When a technician is investigating the who, what, when, where, and why of an issue, they are at the step of researching the issue. This involves gathering all relevant information about the problem to ensure that the subsequent steps in the troubleshooting methodology are informed and effective.

References:According to the CompTIA IT Fundamentals troubleshooting section, thorough research is critical to understand an issue deeply before formulating a plan of action or testing theories.

Thunderbolt is an interface that supports both video and data. Thunderbolt is a high-speed serial interface that can connect multiple devices to a computer using one cable. Thunderbolt can support both DisplayPort and PCI Express protocols, which means it can transfer both video and data signals simultaneously. Thunderbolt can also provide power to connected devices and support daisy-chaining up to six devices per port. Thunderbolt offers faster data transfer rates than USB or FireWire interfaces. VGA is an interface that supports only video. VGA stands for Video Graphics Array, which is an analog interface that can connect monitors to computers using 15-pin connectors. VGA can only carry video signals and does not support audio or data transfer. VGA also has lower resolution and quality than digital interfaces such as HDMI or DVI. DVI is an interface that supports only video as well. DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface, which is a digital interface that can connect monitors to computers using 24-pin connectors. DVI can carry either analog or digital video signals depending on the type of connector used (DVI-A for analog, DVI-D for digital, or DVI-I for both). DVI does not support audio or data transfer either. FireWire is an interface that supports only data.

 A driver is a software component that enables a device, such as a printer, to communicate with the operating system of a computer. Without a proper driver, the workstation will not be able to recognize or use the printer. Therefore, the workstation most likely needs a driver for the printer to function. The other options are not relevant to the problem of device recognition.

An access point is a device that allows wireless devices to communicate to a wired network. An access point acts as a bridge between the wireless and wired networks, converting radio signals from wireless devices into data packets that can be transmitted over the network cable. An access point can also extend the range and coverage of a wireless network3. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 4: Networking Concepts2

 NFC stands for near field communication, which is a wireless communication technology that allows devices to exchange data or perform transactions when they are within a few centimeters of each other. NFC uses radio frequency identification (RFID) to create a short-range wireless connection. NFC is commonly used for contactless payments, smart cards, and digital wallets. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 174.

 A written policy is the best way for a company to document a change that allows staff to work from home by means of formal request. A policy is a statement or guideline that defines the rules, standards, or procedures for an organization’s actions, decisions, or behaviors. A policy can help an organization to achieve its objectives, comply with regulations, ensure consistency and quality, and communicate expectations and responsibilities. A written policy is a policy that is documented in a formal document that can be distributed, reviewed, updated, and enforced by the organization. A written policy can help a company to document a change that affects its staff, such as working from home, by specifying the criteria, process, benefits, limitations, and consequences of the change. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 210.

To free up space on an HDD without deleting files, using the operating system's compression feature is the best approach. Compression reduces the size of files on the disk by using algorithms to minimize the space they take up, thus freeing up storage capacity while keeping the files accessible.References: File system management, including the use of compression to optimize storage, is a topic discussed in the CompTIA IT Fundamentals, which also covers system utilities and management practices.

A new commercial software program would likely need a copyright because it is a tangible expression of creativity and intellectual effort in the form of code and user interface design. Copyrights protect such creative works from being copied or used without permission, ensuring that creators or owners have exclusive rights to distribute and modify their creations.

References:CompTIA IT Fundamentals study guides discuss intellectual property rights in the context of IT, focusing on how copyrights protect software and other digital content from unauthorized reproduction or use.

The Service Set Identifier (SSID) is the network name for a wireless LAN. When a user notices another wireless access point using the same SSID, changing the SSID to a unique name can help avoid confusion and ensure that devices connect to the correct network.

References:The importance of configuring wireless settings, including SSID customization to avoid network overlap, is discussed in CompTIA IT Fundamentals, particularly in sections related to wireless networking configurations.

Video drivers are software programs that enable the communication between the video card and the operating system. Video drivers also provide the functionality and settings for adjusting the resolution, color depth, refresh rate, and other display properties. If the video drivers are outdated, corrupted, or incompatible with the new video card, the resolution on the display may be low or incorrect. Installing new video drivers that match the model and specifications of the new video card can fix this problem. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 3, Section 3.3, Page 124.

DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line, which is a type of broadband internet service that uses copper telephone cabling. A network technician installing an RJ11 connector, which is the standard connector for telephone lines, is most likely using DSL as the network connection type. Fiber, satellite, and cable are other types of internet service, but they use different connectors and cables than RJ11. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ (Exam FC0-U61) Module 4 / Unit 2 / Connecting to a Network, page 6; CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Certification Study Guide, Chapter 2: Network Devices and Cabling, page 55.QUESTION NO: 230

When working with storage. 1,000,000MB can also be notated as:

A. 0.01PB.

B. 1TB.

C. 100GB.

D. 10,000,000KB.

Answer: B

 When working with storage, different units of measurement are used to express the amount of data. The most common units are bytes (B), kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB), and petabytes (PB). Each unit is equal to 1,000 of the previous unit, except for bytes, which are the smallest unit. Therefore, 1,000,000MB can also be notated as 1,000GB or 1TB. The other options are incorrect because they are either too large or too small to represent 1,000,000MB. For example, 0.01PB is equal to 10,000GB or 10TB, which is much larger than 1,000,000MB. Similarly, 100GB is equal to 100,000MB or 0.1TB, which is much smaller than 1,000,000MB. And 10,000,000KB is equal to 10,000MB or 0.01TB, which is also much smaller than 1,000,000MB. References:

• CompTIA IT Fundamentals FC0-U61 Certification Study Guide, page 71, section 1.6: “A terabyte (TB) is 1,000 gigabytes.”
• CompTIA ITF+ Practice Test, question 230: “1TB is the correct answer.”

A cellphone is the most ideal computing device for point-of-sale transactions in a retail store where salespeople roam around. A cellphone is portable, wireless, and has features such as cameras, scanners, and touchscreens that can facilitate payment processing and customer interaction. A workstation is a desktop computer that is designed for high-performance tasks, but it is not portable or wireless. A laptop is a portable computer that can run on battery power, but it is not as convenient or compact as a cellphone. A thin client is a computer that relies on a server for most of its processing and storage, but it is not suitable for point-of-sale transactions without network connectivity. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 1: IT Fundamentals1

VGA (Video Graphics Array) is an analog interface used between a computer and monitor or projector that transmits video signals. Unlike HDMI and DisplayPort, VGA does not support the transmission of audio signals. It only handles graphics, thus it is often used in situations where only video output is needed without audio.

References: The functionalities of different video connectors like VGA, HDMI, and DisplayPort are often covered in CompTIA IT Fundamentals study materials, particularly in sections related to computer hardware and peripherals.

 Password complexity and password history are two practices that are being employed by the IT department to establish a new password policy for employees. Password complexity is the requirement that passwords must contain a combination of different types of characters, such as letters, numbers, and symbols. Password complexity makes passwords harder to guess or crack by attackers. Password history is the record of the previous passwords used by a user. Password history prevents users from reusing the same passwords over and over again, which reduces the risk of compromise. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 208.

The connection type that is typically used for a display monitor is DVI. DVI stands for Digital Visual Interface, which is a standard that defines how digital video signals are transmitted from a source device, such as a computer or a DVD player, to a display device, such as a monitor or a projector. DVI can support various resolutions and refresh rates, depending on the type and length of the cable and the capabilities of the devices. DVI can also support analog video signals, using a DVI-A connector, or both digital and analog video signals, using a DVI-I connector. However, DVI does not support audio signals, so a separate audio cable is needed. USB is not the connection type that is typically used for a display monitor, but rather a connection type that is typically used for peripheral devices, such as keyboards, mice, printers, scanners, etc. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, which is a standard that defines how data and power are transmitted between devices using a common interface. USB can support various types and speeds of devices, depending on the version and mode of the USB port and cable. USB can also support video and audio signals, using a USB-C connector, which can be converted to other standards, such as HDMI or DisplayPort. Bluetooth is not the connection type that is typically used for a display monitor, but rather a connection type that is typically used for wireless devices, such as headphones, speakers, keyboards, mice, etc. Bluetooth is a technology that defines how data and audio are transmitted between devices using short-range radio waves. Bluetooth can support various profiles and protocols that enable different types of communication and functionality between devices. Bluetooth can also support video signals, using a Bluetooth Low Energy Video Streaming (BLE-VS) protocol, but it is not widely adopted or supported by most devices. RJ45 is not the connection type that is typically used for a display monitor, but rather a connection type that is typically used for network devices, such as routers, switches, computers, etc. RJ45 stands for Registered Jack 45, which is a connector that defines how data are transmitted between devices using twisted pair cables. RJ45 can support various standards and speeds of network communication, depending on the category and length of the cable and the capabilities of the devices. RJ45 can also support video signals, using an Ethernet AVB (Audio Video Bridging) protocol, but it is not widely adopted or supported by most devices. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 1: IT Fundamentals

To block application traffic on specific ports from entering a local area network (LAN), the most effective device is a firewall. A firewall serves as a security gatekeeper between your internal network and the outside world. It monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules and can block specific traffic deemed unsafe or unauthorized. In this scenario, if the administrator wishes to prevent certain application traffic from entering the network, configuring the firewall to deny traffic coming through those specific ports would be an effective solution. This configuration helps in protecting the network against potential intrusions or harmful traffic that could exploit open ports.

References: Firewalls are covered extensively in CompTIA IT Fundamentals and other IT security documentation. These resources detail how firewalls can be configured to block specific types of traffic, a fundamental aspect of network security.

 Satellite would be the best choice for Internet service for a home in a remote location that has no connectivity to existing infrastructure. Satellite Internet service uses satellites in orbit to provide wireless Internet access to users who have a satellite dish installed at their location. Satellite Internet service can cover areas where other types of Internet service are not available or reliable, such as rural or remote locations. Satellite Internet service can offer high-speed broadband connections, but it may also have drawbacks such as high latency, weather interference, and data caps. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 168.

Unicode is the most likely encoding standard used to represent international text data. Unicode is a universal character set that can encode over a million characters from different languages, scripts, symbols, and emojis. Unicode supports multiple encoding forms, such as UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, that use different numbers of bytes to represent each character. Unicode enables consistent and interoperable representation and processing of text data across different platforms and applications. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 138.

Patching would be the most likely way to prevent malware sent as a compromised file via email from infecting a person’s computer. Patching is the process of applying updates or fixes to software or hardware to improve performance, security, or functionality. Patching can help prevent malware infections by closing the vulnerabilities or flaws that malware exploits to infect systems. Users should regularly patch their operating systems, applications, and antivirus software to protect their computers from malware attacks. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 202.

 A corrupted cache is the most likely cause of the problem of seeing outdated information on a website. A cache is a temporary storage area that stores copies of frequently accessed data, such as web pages, images, or files. A cache can improve the performance and speed of data retrieval by reducing the need to access the original source. However, sometimes a cache may become corrupted or outdated, which may cause errors or inconsistencies in displaying the data. A corrupted cache may show old or incorrect information on a website instead of the current or updated information. To fix this problem, the user can clear the browser cache and reload the website. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 202.

 Password reuse is the practice of using the same password for multiple accounts or services. Password reuse is a bad security habit that can lead to compromise of multiple accounts if one of them is breached by an attacker. Joe has most likely performed password reuse if he thinks his email and banking accounts are also compromised after his password for a social media site was compromised. Joe should use different passwords for different accounts and change them regularly to prevent password reuse. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 208.

In object-oriented programming (OOP), a method is a function associated with an object and is used to perform operations on that object. When a programmer creates an object to retrieve customer names from a database, the operation that retrieves the names is typically encapsulated in a method. This method might be called something like getCustomerNames() and is responsible for querying the database and returning the results.References: Basic concepts of OOP, including objects and methods, are foundational topics in programming and are discussed in CompTIA IT Fundamentals and other programming guides.

A web-based configuration utilizes a graphical user interface (GUI) accessible through a web browser. In the scenario described, the network technician accesses the router’s settings by entering its IP address into a browser and configuring it via a web-based GUI, a common method for configuring network devices, particularly in smaller networks like SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) environments.

References:The CompTIA IT Fundamentals curriculum covers the types of network device configurations, emphasizing the use of web-based interfaces for ease of use and accessibility, suitable for configuring devices like routers.

NFC (Near Field Communication) technology requires devices to be within 6 inches (15.24 cm) of each other to communicate. This short range facilitates secure communications for tasks such as contactless payments, quick data transfers, and connection setups between devices.

References:In the sections dealing with wireless technologies and data exchange methods, CompTIA IT Fundamentals documentation outlines the operational characteristics of NFC, including its very limited range, which supports its use for secure, close-proximity communications.

Using private browsing (or "incognito mode") while accessing sensitive information on a public computer is the best approach to prevent others from seeing what was done during that session. Private browsing does not save a record of browsing history, cookies, or form data, effectively ensuring that subsequent users of the public computer cannot easily retrieve this information from the browsing session.

References: Internet security practices, including the benefits of private browsing, are typically included in CompTIA IT Fundamentals documentation, which covers essential cybersecurity measures for protecting personal information.

Setting a BIOS password is a security-related best practice that would prevent end users from booting alternative operating systems on workstations. A BIOS password restricts access to the BIOS settings, which control the boot order and other hardware configurations of the computer. Installing a host-based firewall, patching the operating system, and removing unnecessary software are also security-related best practices, but they do not directly prevent booting alternative operating systems on workstations. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 7: Security Concepts1

A certificate is a digital document that verifies the identity and authenticity of a website. A certificate is issued by a trusted authority called a certificate authority (CA). A certificate contains information such as the website’s domain name, the CA’s name, the expiration date, and a digital signature. If a website’s certificate is expired, invalid, or untrusted, the browser will warn the user that the site may not be secure and prompt them to click a link to continue. The user can check the certificate validity by clicking on the padlock icon next to the address bar and viewing the certificate details. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 6, Section 6.2, Page 260.

Database software would be the best application to create a list that contains names, contact information, and sales records that can be edited by multiple people at the same time. Database software is an application that allows users to create, store, access, manipulate, and analyze data in an organized and structured way. Database software can store various types of data in tables, records, fields, or other structures. Database software can also support queries, reports, transactions, security, backup, and recovery functions. Database software can allow multiple users to edit the same data concurrently with proper permissions and controls. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 142.

A system usage agreement is a document that defines the rules and expectations for using a company’s IT resources, such as computers, networks, intranets, software, and data. A system usage agreement typically covers topics such as acceptable use, security, privacy, monitoring, ownership, and consequences of violations. A system usage agreement helps to protect the company’s assets, reputation, and legal compliance, as well as the users’ rights and responsibilities. Privacy expectations on a company intranet should be limited to what is stated in the system usage agreement, as the company has the right and the duty to monitor and control the intranet for business purposes. Users should not assume that their activities on the intranet are private or confidential, unless the system usage agreement explicitly guarantees such privacy. The other options, such as precedents, HR policy, and word of mouth, are not reliable or consistent sources of privacy expectations, as they may vary, change, or conflict with the system usage agreement or the law. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Certification Guide, page 100; 10 Intranet Best Practices for a Successful Intranet in 2021, point 7.

An input device is a hardware component that allows users to enter data or commands into a computer system. A flatbed scanner is an input device that scans documents or images and converts them into digital data that can be stored, edited, or printed. A flatbed scanner is connected to a laptop via a peripheral device interface, such as USB or Bluetooth. A laptop hard drive, a laptop keyboard, and a color printer are not input devices, but storage, input, and output devices respectively. Photographic prints are not devices at all, but physical objects that can be scanned by an input device. References: Chapter 8 I/O: Input/Output Device Interfaces - CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ (ITF+) Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Certification Exam Objectives, CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ (Exam FC0-U61) Module 3 / Unit 2 / Using Device Interfaces

The most likely source that will disclose the data collection practices of an application is the EULA. EULA stands for End User License Agreement, which is a legal contract between the software vendor and the user that defines the terms and conditions for using the software. The EULA often includes information about how the software collects, uses, stores, and shares user data, as well as what rights and responsibilities the user has regarding their data. A README.txt file is a text file that accompanies a software package and provides information about how to install, configure, or use the software. A README.txt file may not disclose the data collection practices of an application, unless it is explicitly stated by the vendor. A user’s guide is a document that provides instructions and tips on how to use a software application effectively. A user’s guide may not disclose the data collection practices of an application, unless it is explicitly stated by the vendor. A vendor website is a web page that provides information about a software vendor and their products or services. A vendor website may disclose the data collection practices of an application, but it may not be as detailed or accessible as the EULA. References: The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Student Guide (Exam FC0-U61), Chapter 8: Software Development Concepts1

Single-factor authentication is a method of verifying a user’s identity by using only one piece of information, such as a username and password. Biometrics, multifactor authentication, and least privilege are not examples of single-factor authentication. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 8: Security Concepts, page 304.

 Interpreted is the type of language that a web developer would most likely use to create a website. Interpreted languages are languages that do not need to be compiled before execution. Instead, they are translated into machine code by an interpreter program at run time. Interpreted languages are often used for web development because they are portable, flexible, and easy to modify. Examples of interpreted languages include HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, and Python. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 132-133. edge browser The user has the page open in a Microsoft Edge browser window whose metadata is:

A mouse and a display would be required to satisfy the request of installing a laptop with the cover closed. A mouse is an input device that allows users to move a cursor and click on icons or buttons on the screen. A display is an output device that shows visual information on the screen. A mouse and a display would enable the user to interact with the laptop without opening the cover. A printer, a webcam, an external hard drive, and speakers are not devices that would be required to satisfy the request of installing a laptop with the cover closed. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 3: Computing Components, page 106.

Renewing the IP address would most likely fix the problem of not being able to access the Internet after connecting to the corporate WiFi. An IP address is a unique identifier that is assigned to a device on a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). An IP address consists of four numbers separated by dots, each ranging from 0 to 255. For example, 192.168.1.1 is an IP address. An IP address can be assigned statically (manually) or dynamically (automatically) by a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server on the network. Sometimes, an IP address may become invalid or conflict with another device on the network, which may prevent the device from accessing the Internet or other network resources. Renewing the IP address is a process of releasing the current IP address and requesting a new IP address from the DHCP server. Renewing the IP address can help resolve any IP address issues and restore network connectivity. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 165-166.

A Knowledge Base is a collection of information that provides solutions to common problems or issues encountered by IT professionals. A Knowledge Base can be accessed online or offline, and can be maintained by an organization or a vendor. A help desk technician should check the Knowledge Base first before trying other methods, as it may contain the answer or a workaround for the issue3. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 6: Security2

The best way to remove unnecessary programs from a computer system using the operating system's features is through 'Application management.' This feature typically provides a user interface that allows users to view, manage, and uninstall applications installed on the system. Using this feature, you can select the programs that are not needed and choose to uninstall them, thereby freeing up system resources and storage space.References: This is in line with the functions of application management features found in common operating systems like Windows and macOS, which are included in the CompTIA IT Fundamentals curriculum for understanding software management.

Customer date of birth is an example of information that a company would ask employees to handle in a sensitive manner. Sensitive information is any information that can identify or relate to a specific person, such as name, address, phone number, email, social security number, date of birth, etc. Sensitive information can also include financial, medical, legal, or personal records of a person. Sensitive information should be handled with care and confidentiality by employees to protect the privacy and security of the customers and the company. Employees should follow the company’s policies and procedures for handling sensitive information, such as encrypting, locking, shredding, or disposing of it properly. References : The Official CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide (FC0-U61), page 205.

A cloud-hosted application is accessible over the internet and does not require a client component installed on individual user devices. This type of deployment allows employees to access the application from any location and any device with internet connectivity, which is particularly beneficial for those not connected to the corporate network.

References:The advantages and functional descriptions of cloud-hosted services are extensively covered in CompTIA IT Fundamentals and other CompTIA study guides, particularly in sections related to cloud computing and SaaS (Software as a Service).

A logical schema in database design is a visual diagram that represents the framework or structure of the database, without getting into the details of physical storage. It includes tables, views, and the relationships between them, and is used to conceptualize and plan the structure of the database at a high level. This makes it an essential tool for a database administrator when planning a new relational database, as it helps in understanding how data will be stored, linked, and accessed.

References: The concept of logical schemas is discussed in IT and database design textbooks and CompTIA IT Fundamentals resources as part of learning about effective database management and design.

Password reuse is the practice of using the same password for multiple accounts or services. Password reuse would increase the risk of account security on other sites if a large payment website was breached recently. If the attackers obtained the user’s password from the breached website, they could try to use it to access the user’s accounts on other sites. Password reuse should be avoided and different passwords should be used for different accounts or services. Password history, password expiration, and password age are not password best practices that would mitigate this risk. Password history is the record of previous passwords that a user has used for an account or service. Password expiration is the time limit for using a password before it needs to be changed. Password age is the length of time that a password has been in use. References: CompTIA IT Fundamentals+ Study Guide: Exam FC0-U61, Second Edition, Chapter 8: Security Concepts, page 308.

 A foreign key is a column or a set of columns in a table that refers to the unique identifier (or primary key) in another table. A foreign key establishes a relationship between two tables and ensures referential integrity. For example, in a database that stores information about students and courses, the student table may have a column called student_id that is the primary key for each student record. The course table may have a column called student_id that is the foreign key that refers to the student_id in the student table. This way, the database can link each course record to the corresponding student record34. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 5: Database Fundamentals2; What is RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) - Javatpoint5; What is a Relational Database Management System? | Microsoft Azure6

The troubleshooting methodology is a systematic approach to solving problems that involves several steps, such as identifying the problem, establishing a theory of probable cause, testing the theory, establishing a plan of action, implementing the solution, verifying functionality, and documenting the findings. One of the steps in identifying the problem is to duplicate the problem, which means to reproduce the same error or issue that the user is experiencing. This can help the technician to verify the symptoms, narrow down the scope, and eliminate possible causes1011. References := CompTIA IT Fundamentals (ITF+) Study Guide, 2nd Edition, Chapter 7: Explain the Troubleshooting Methodology4; Troubleshooting Methodology | IT Support and Help Desk | CompTIA12

The INSERT command is used to add new records or rows to an existing database table. It specifies the table name, the column names, and the values to be inserted. For example, INSERT INTO Customers (Name, Age, City) VALUES ('Ali', 25, 'Lahore'); would add a new row to the Customers table with the given values for Name, Age, and City. The SELECT command is used to query or retrieve data from a database table, not to add data. The ALTER command is used to modify the structure or definition of a database table, such as adding, deleting, or renaming columns. The CREATE command is used to make a new database object, such as a table, a view, or an index, not to add data to an existing table. References: Interfacing with Databases | CompTIA IT Fundamentals FC0-U61 | 5.3, Get the Building Blocks of IT With the New CompTIA IT Fundamentals+

The technician’s next step after testing the theory and determining the theory is confirmed is to establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and identify potential effects. This step involves preparing a specific method to implement the solution and considering how the solution might affect other components or users. The technician should also test the plan in an isolated environment before applying it to the actual system.

Implementing the solution is not the next step after testing the theory and determining the theory is confirmed, as it requires establishing a plan of action first. Documenting lessons learned is not the next step after testing the theory and determining the theory is confirmed, as it comes after verifying full system functionality and implementing preventive measures. Verifying full system functionality is not the next step after testing the theory and determining the theory is confirmed, as it comes after implementing the solution.