1z0-1084-24 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure 2024 Developer Professional Questions and Answers

Explanation

The option that allows changes to a Docker image to be stored in a version control system is: docker commit The docker commit command is used to create a new image from a container's changes. It takes a running container as input, captures the changes made to it, and creates a new image with those changes. This new image can then be tagged and pushed to a registry, or saved locally. By using docker commit, you can effectively capture the changes made to a container as a new image and store it in a version control system along with the Dockerfile and other project files. This allows for reproducibility and traceability of changes to the Docker image over time.

The logconfig.json file is a configuration file that specifies how the Unified Monitoring Agent collects and uploads custom logs to the OCI Logging service2. The logconfig.json file contains an array of objects, each representing a custom log configuration2. Each custom log configuration object has the following fields2:

logGroupObjectId: The OCID of the log group where the custom log is stored.

logObjectId: The OCID of the custom log.

paths: An array of paths to files or directories containing the custom logs.

src: A regular expression that matches the files containing the custom logs.

parser: A parser definition that specifies how to parse the custom logs. If the logconfig.json file has incorrect or missing OCID for the custom log in the logobjectId field, or incorrect or missing OCID for the custom log group in the logGroupObjectId field, then the Unified Monitoring Agent will not be able to upload the custom logs to the OCI Logging service2. Therefore, these are potential reasons for logs from the Meshifyd application not showing up in the OCI Logging service. Verified References: Unified Monitoring Agent Configuration File

Explanation

The correct answer is: Microservices are used for long running operations while serverless functions are used for short running operations. One of the key differences between microservices and serverless functions is the duration of their execution. Microservices are typically designed to handle long-running operations and may continuously run and process requests as part of a larger system. They are often deployed and managed as long-lived services. On the other hand, serverless functions are designed to handle short-lived operations or tasks that execute in response to specific events or triggers. They are event-driven and execute only when invoked, providing a lightweight and ephemeral computing model. Serverless functions are often used for executing small, isolated pieces of code without the need for managing infrastructure or scaling concerns. While both microservices and serverless functions can be stateless or stateful depending on the specific implementation, the key distinction lies in the typical duration and execution pattern of these components within an application architecture.

Explanation

In the given scenario, the developer should use the approach of creating an authorizer function using token-based authorization. Token-based authorization is a commonly used approach for authenticating API requests. It involves generating and issuing tokens to API callers, which they can then include in the requests they make to the API. The tokens serve as proof of authentication and are validated by the server to ensure the caller's identity and access rights. By creating an authorizer function using token-based authorization, the developer can implement a custom scheme that accepts string-based parameters from the API caller. This allows the developer to define their own authentication logic and validate the provided tokens according to their requirements. The authorizer function can be configured in the OCI API Gateway to be invoked before forwarding the request to the web application. It will perform the necessary token validation and authentication checks, allowing only authorized requests to access the protected resources of the web application.

Explanation

The two components that are part of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) container runtime are: containerd: containerd is an open-source container runtime that provides a runtime environment for containers, including managing container images, executing containers, and handling container lifecycle events. It is designed to be lightweight and extensible, providing the necessary functionality to run containers efficiently. runc: runc is a lightweight container runtime that serves as a reference implementation of the Open Container Initiative (OCI) runtime specification. It is responsible for launching and managing containers based on OCI specifications, including handling container isolation, namespaces, cgroups, and other low-level container operations. These two components, containerd and runc, are widely used in the container ecosystem and are part of the CNCF's efforts to promote and develop open-source technologies for cloud-native computing.

Explanation

The three OCI services that can be leveraged to securely store and version your application's source code, and automate the building, testing, and deployment of applications to the OCI platform are: DevOps: OCI provides a comprehensive set of DevOps services, including Oracle Developer Cloud Service, which allows you to manage source code repositories, automate builds and testing, and streamline the deployment process. Container Engine for Kubernetes: OCI's Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) enables you to deploy and manage containerized applications using Kubernetes. It provides a scalable and reliable platform for automating the deployment of your applications. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry: OCI Registry is a fully managed, private container registry that allows you to securely store and manage Docker images. It integrates with other OCI services, such as Container Engine for Kubernetes, to facilitate seamless deployment and orchestration of containerized applications. These services combined provide the necessary tools and infrastructure to support continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD) workflows, enabling efficient and automated application development and deployment processes in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure environment.

Explanation

Oracle Functions does not currently support PL/SQL as a language for writing function code. PL/SQL is a procedural language used in Oracle Database for developing stored procedures, triggers, and other database-related code. However, Oracle Functions supports several other popular programming languages such as Go, Node.js, Python, and Java, allowing developers to choose the language that best suits their application requirements and their familiarity with the language. While PL/SQL is powerful for working with the Oracle Database, it is not an option for writing function code in the Oracle Functions serverless architecture.

To pull a Docker image from OCI Registry to the client machine, you need to use the docker pull command with the following syntax1: docker pull .ocir.io//: where:

is the key for the OCI Registry region you’re using. For example, iad. See Availability by Region1.

ocir.io is the OCI Registry name.

is the auto-generated Object Storage namespace string of the tenancy that owns the repository from which you want to pull the image (as shown on the Tenancy Information page)1.

is the name of the repository that contains the image you want to pull.

is the tag of the image you want to pull.

Explanation

The appropriate logging approach for services running in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) is: "All services log to standard output only." When running services in a containerized environment like OKE, it is recommended to follow the Twelve-Factor App methodology, which suggests treating logs as event streams. According to this methodology, services should write their log events to standard output (stdout) instead of writing to log files. By logging to standard output, the container runtime (such as Kubernetes) can collect and aggregate the logs generated by the services. These logs can then be accessed and managed through the container runtime's logging infrastructure. Logging to standard output offers several advantages in a containerized environment: Simplicity and consistency: Standardizing on logging to stdout ensures a consistent approach across different services, making it easier to manage and analyze logs. Log aggregation: The container runtime can collect the logs from all the running containers and provide centralized log management, allowing you to access and search logs from different services in one place. Scalability: Since logs are written to stdout, they can be easily handled by the container runtime's log management system, which can scale to handle large volumes of log data. Separation of concerns: By logging to stdout, the responsibility of managing log files and their rotation is shifted to the container runtime, allowing the services to focus on their core functionality. While it is possible to log to log files or external logging systems, the recommended approach in a containerized environment like OKE is to log to standard output and leverage the logging infrastructure provided by the container runtime.

Explanation

The two main reasons to choose a serverless architecture are: Automatic horizontal scaling: Serverless architectures allow for automatic scaling of resources based on demand. The infrastructure automatically provisions and scales resources as needed, ensuring that applications can handle varying workloads efficiently. This eliminates the need for manual scaling and optimizes resource utilization. Reduced operational cost: Serverless architectures follow a pay-per-use model, where you are billed only for the actual execution time and resources consumed by your functions. This leads to cost savings as you don't have to pay for idle resources. Additionally, serverless architectures remove the need for managing and maintaining servers, reducing operational overhead and associated costs. Explanation: No need for integration testing: Integration testing is still necessary in serverless architectures to ensure that functions integrate correctly with other components and services. Serverless functions can interact with various event sources, databases, and APIs, and testing is required to verify the integration points. Improved in-function state management: Serverless architectures typically encourage stateless functions that operate on short-lived requests or events. While there are mechanisms to manage state within a function, serverless architectures are designed to be stateless by default, promoting scalability and fault tolerance. Easier to run long-running operations: Serverless functions are generally designed for short-lived operations rather than long-running tasks. If you have a requirement for long-running operations, a serverless architecture may not be the ideal choice, as it has execution time limits and may not provide the necessary resources for extended execution.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Adding a custom certificate authority (CA) or custom CA bundle to your gateway's trust store for mTLS is optional unless you need to reject certificates that do not contain particular values (such as a domain name)." The statement that is NOT valid regarding the mTLS options in OCI API Gateway is: "Adding a custom certificate authority (CA) or custom CA bundle to your gateway's trust store for mTLS is optional unless you need to reject certificates that do not contain particular values (such as a domain name)." In OCI API Gateway, adding a custom certificate authority (CA) or custom CA bundle to the gateway's trust store is not optional. It is a necessary step when configuring mTLS authentication. The trust store in the gateway is used to validate the client certificates presented during mTLS authentication. The other options listed are valid regarding the mTLS options in OCI API Gateway: Once the mTLS request policy is enabled, all requests with valid certificates are routed to the backend unless specific values (such as a domain name) are defined. This means that only requests with valid client certificates will be allowed to access the backend microservices. The mTLS request policy can only be enabled at the API deployment specification level, and it applies globally to all routes in that deployment. This ensures consistent mTLS authentication across all routes and endpoints in the API deployment. Custom CA or custom CA bundles can be added to the gateway's trust store, but only if they already exist in the OCI Certificates service. This allows you to include trusted CAs or CA bundles to validate client certificates during mTLS authentication.

Explanation

The user is responsible for patching, upgrading, and maintaining the worker nodes in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE). In OKE, the user has control over the worker nodes, which are the compute instances that run the Kubernetes worker components. As the user, you are responsible for managing and maintaining these worker nodes, including tasks such as patching the underlying operating system, upgrading Kubernetes versions, and performing any necessary maintenance activities. While Oracle provides the underlying infrastructure and support services, including managing the control plane and ensuring the availability of the OKE service, the responsibility for managing the worker nodes lies with the user. This allows you to have control and flexibility in managing your Kubernetes environment according to your specific needs and requirements.

Explanation

The three technologies best suited for implementing a microservices-based application are: Service Mesh: A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that provides features like service discovery, load balancing, encryption, authentication, and observability for microservices. It helps in managing the communication and interactions between microservices in a scalable and secure manner. Kubernetes: Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that enables the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It provides features like automated scaling, service discovery, load balancing, and self-healing capabilities, which are essential for managing microservices in a distributed environment. Docker: Docker is a popular containerization platform that allows packaging applications and their dependencies into lightweight containers. It provides a consistent and portable environment for running microservices, enabling easy deployment and scalability. Docker also facilitates isolation and resource efficiency, making it an ideal choice for deploying microservices. While Big Data, Anomaly Detection, and Terraform are valuable technologies, they are not specifically focused on enabling the implementation of microservices-based applications.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Service Mesh." A service mesh is a configurable, low-latency infrastructure layer that controls the interaction between a network of microservices. It provides functionalities such as service discovery, load balancing, traffic management, security, and observability for microservices-based applications. It is designed to improve communication and manage the complex interactions between services within a distributed system. Service mesh frameworks like Istio and Linkerd are commonly used to implement service mesh architecture.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster. Enabling monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster is not required to collect and parse application logs using Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging. Monitoring is a separate feature that allows you to collect metrics and monitor the health and performance of the worker nodes. To collect and parse application logs, you need to perform the following tasks: Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster: This enables the OCI Logging service for the cluster. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes in the cluster: This helps in targeting the logs generated by the worker nodes. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration: This involves specifying the log source, log path, and log format to parse and collect the application logs. By completing these tasks, you can collect and parse the application logs generated by the applications running on the worker node compute instances in the OKE cluster.

API mocking is a technique that simulates the behavior of real APIs without requiring the actual implementation or deployment of the dependent services1. API mocking allows you to test changes to service A without deploying all of its dependencies, such as service B, by creating mock responses for the APIs that service A relies on1. API mocking has several benefits, such as1:

Faster testing: You can test your service A without waiting for service B to be ready or available, which reduces the testing time and feedback loop.

Isolated testing: You can test your service A in isolation from service B, which eliminates the possibility of external factors affecting the test results or causing errors.

Controlled testing: You can test your service A with different scenarios and edge cases by creating mock responses that mimic various situations, such as success, failure, timeout, etc.

Explanation

The correct command to rebuild the API docker image and tag it as OCIdevops/api:latest is: docker build -t OCIdevops/api:latest The docker build command is used to build a Docker image from a Dockerfile. The -t flag is used to specify the name and optionally a tag for the image. In this case, the name of the image is OCIdevops/api and the tag is latest. By running this command, the Docker image will be recreated based on the instructions in the Dockerfile and tagged with the specified name and tag.

Explanation

The correct answer is: fn deploy --app travel-app --all Explanation: To build and deploy multiple Oracle Functions as part of a single application named "travel-app," you can use the fn deploy command with the appropriate options. The command fn deploy --app travel-app --all is the correct syntax. Here's what each part of the command does: fn deploy: This command is used to deploy functions and applications in Oracle Functions. --app travel-app: This option specifies the application name as "travel-app," indicating that you want to deploy functions to this application. --all: This option indicates that you want to deploy all the functions within the application. By using fn deploy --app travel-app --all, you can build and deploy all the functions in your travel application across different programming languages (Java, Python, and Node.js) to the "travel-app" application in Oracle Functions.

OCI Queue is a fully managed serverless service that helps decouple systems and enable asynchronous operations2. Queue handles high-volume transactional data that requires independently processed messages without loss or duplication2. A valid use case for OCI Queue is building decoupled and scalable systems, such as event-driven architectures or microservices-based applications2. For example, you can use Queue to decouple your application and build an event-driven architecture. Decoupling ensures that individual application components can scale independently and that you can future-proof your design so that as new application components are built, they can publish or subscribe to the queue2.

When configuring an OCI API Gateway deployment, you need to specify the backend type for each route in your API deployment specification3. The backend type determines how the API gateway handles requests to that route and forwards them to the appropriate backend service3. The following backend types are valid options for an OCI API Gateway deployment3:

HTTP_BACKEND: The API gateway forwards requests to an HTTP or HTTPS URL as the backend service.

ORACLE_FUNCTIONS_BACKEND: The API gateway invokes an Oracle Functions function as the backend service.

STOCK_RESPONSE_BACKEND: The API gateway returns a stock response without invoking any backend service. ORACLE STREAMS_BACKEND is not a valid backend type for an OCI API Gateway deployment. Oracle Streams is a fully managed, scalable, and durable messaging service that you can use to ingest and consume large amounts of data in real-time4. However, Oracle Streams is not supported as a backend service for an OCI API Gateway deployment.

OCI Streaming is a fully managed, scalable, and durable messaging solution for ingesting continuous, high-volume streams of data that you can consume and process in real-time1. Streaming is suitable for any use case in which data is produced and processed continually and sequentially in a publish-subscribe messaging model1. Streaming can handle millions of messages per second with low latency2. Therefore, OCI Streaming is the most appropriate choice for handling real-time data feeds from a fleet of vehicles. Verified References: Overview of Streaming, Container Engine for Kubernetes

 Cloud native is the software approach of building, deploying, and managing modern applications in cloud computing environments3. Cloud native apps are designed and built to exploit the scale, elasticity, resiliency, and flexibility the cloud provides4. Cloud native technologies support fast and frequent changes to applications without impacting service delivery, providing adopters with an innovative, competitive advantage3. Therefore, cloud native refers to the design and deployment of applications that are optimized for cloud infrastructure. Verified References: What is Cloud Native? - Everything you need to know, What is Cloud Native? | Microsoft Learn

Explanation

The option that will get you more information on the error when invoking Oracle Functions from your Cloud Shell session is: "DEBUG=1 fn invoke myapp myfunction". Setting the environment variable DEBUG=1 before invoking the function using the fn command allows you to enable debug mode, which provides more detailed information about the execution of the function. This can be useful for troubleshooting and understanding the root cause of the error. By using the command "DEBUG=1 fn invoke myapp myfunction", the function invocation will be executed with debug mode enabled, and additional debug information will be displayed in the console output. This information can include stack traces, detailed error messages, and other relevant details that can help identify and resolve the issue. Using the verbose option (--verbose) or debug option (--debug) with the fn command may also provide additional information, but the specific behavior may depend on the version and configuration of the fn CLI tool. While contacting Oracle support with the error message is always an option, enabling debug mode using the DEBUG=1 environment variable provides immediate access to more detailed information and can help in diagnosing and resolving the error more efficiently.

Explanation

(OPT) iad.ocir.io/myproject/heyoci/myapp:latest The three valid tags for an image named myapp in the heyoci namespace of the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Registry (OCIR) in the us-ashburn-1 (iad) region are: iad.ccir.io/heyoci/myapp:latest This tag specifies the latest version of the myapp image in the heyoci namespace in the iad region. iad.ocir.io/heyoci/myapp:0.0.2-beta This tag specifies version 0.0.2-beta of the myapp image in the heyoci namespace in the iad region. us-ashburn-1.ocir.io/heyoci/myapp:0.0.2-beta This tag specifies version 0.0.2-beta of the myapp image in the heyoci namespace in the us-ashburn-1 region. The other options mentioned are not valid tags for the given scenario: us-ashburn-1.ocir.io/heyoci/myapp:0.0.2-beta (incorrect format, missing the namespace) iad.ocir.io/myproject/heyoci/myapp:latest (incorrect format, incorrect order of namespace and project) us-ashburn-1.ocir.io/myproject/heyoci/myapp:latest (incorrect format, incorrect order of namespace and project) The correct format for tagging an image in OCIR is .ocir.io//:.

Explanation

The maximum execution time of Oracle Functions is 300 seconds, which is equivalent to 5 minutes. This means that a function running within Oracle Functions cannot exceed a runtime of 5 minutes. If a function requires longer execution times, alternative approaches such as invoking external services asynchronously or using long-running processes should be considered. It is important to design functions with this execution time limitation in mind to ensure optimal performance and efficiency within the Oracle Functions platform.

Explanation

The option that is NOT available when viewing the Application metrics in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Console is: "The number of retries made by the function before failing due to an error." When viewing the Application metrics in the OCI Console for Oracle Functions, you can typically see metrics related to the performance and usage of your functions. These metrics provide insights into how your functions are performing and being utilized. The following metrics are usually available: The number of requests to invoke a function that failed due to throttling: This metric indicates the number of requests that were not processed by the function due to reaching the configured concurrency limit or throttling settings. The length of time a function runs for: This metric represents the duration of each function invocation, measuring the time it takes for the function to complete its execution. The number of requests to invoke a function that failed with an error response: This metric counts the number of requests that encountered an error during the function invocation, resulting in a failed response. However, the number of retries made by the function before failing due to an error is not typically available as part of the Application metrics in the OCI Console. The retries made by the function are usually handled at the invoker level, and the specific details of retries may not be captured as part of the application-level metrics. It's important to note that the availability of metrics and their specific details may vary depending on the version and configuration of Oracle Functions and the monitoring setup. It is recommended to refer to the Oracle Functions documentation and consult the official documentation for accurate and up-to-date information on available metrics.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Once rotated, older key versions can be used for encryption until they are deleted." The statement that is NOT valid about rotating keys in the OCI Vault service is: "Once rotated, older key versions can be used for encryption until they are deleted." In the OCI Vault service, when you rotate a master encryption key (MEK), a new key version is automatically generated. However, once a key is rotated and a new version is created, the older key versions are no longer usable for encryption. The purpose of key rotation is to ensure that the encryption keys are regularly updated and that older keys are no longer used to protect sensitive data. This enhances security by minimizing the impact of potential key compromises. The other statements mentioned are valid: Both software and hardware security module (HSM)-protected MEKs can be rotated. This provides flexibility in choosing the type of MEK and ensures that key rotation can be performed regardless of the encryption method used. Each key version is tracked internally with separate unique OCIDs (Oracle Cloud Identifiers). This allows for easy management and tracking of different key versions within the OCI Vault service. In summary, the statement that is NOT valid is the one suggesting that older key versions can still be used for encryption until they are deleted. Key rotation is designed to ensure the use of the latest key version and to retire older key versions to enhance security.