1z0-1093-25 Oracle Cloud Database Services 2025 Professional Questions and Answers

Exadata's Unique Architecture:

Exadata Database Service is engineered specifically for Oracle Database workloads. The architecture leverages specialized storage servers that performdata-intensive operations at the storage level(such as filtering and aggregation), reducing the amount of data sent to the compute nodes.

TheRoCE network(RDMA over Converged Ethernet) provides high-bandwidth, low-latency connectivity between compute and storage nodes, significantly enhancing I/O performance. This architecture is optimized for bothOLTP and OLAP workloads, making Exadata a superior choice for performance-critical applications.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Exadata combines both virtualized and bare metal compute nodes.

C:Both Exadata and traditional cloud deployments can support Oracle RAC, but Exadata is optimized for it.

D:Exadata uses the same Oracle Database SQL parsing engine; the difference lies in the optimized hardware.

B. Access OS metrics using the OCI Metrics Explorer within the OCI Console leveraging the Oracle Cloud Agent.

OCI Metrics Explorer is part of the OCI Monitoring service.

The Oracle Cloud Agent collects OS-level metrics and makes them available through the OCI Console.

Users can view metrics like CPU usage, memory utilization, and disk I/O.

E. Access OS metrics programmatically via the OCI Monitoring APIs:

The Oracle Cloud Agent collects OS metrics and exposes them via OCI Monitoring APIs.

This approach allows for automated data retrieval and integration with external monitoring tools.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. vmcli utility:This is not a standard tool for accessing OS-level metrics on Base Database Service VMs.

C. Custom monitoring agent:While possible, it is not the primary or only method. Oracle Cloud Agent is the default tool.

D. Automatically pushed to the Cloud Exadata Service Dashboard:This statement is incorrect as OS metrics are available through OCI Monitoring.

HeatWave's Processing Model:

HeatWave usescolumnar in-memory processingto optimize analytical workloads. Storing data in columns rather than rows allows HeatWave toprocess large datasets efficiently, reducing the volume of data scanned and improving query performance. This is crucial for OLAP operations that involveaggregating and analyzing data.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Row-based processing is typical for OLTP workloads, not analytical.

B:HeatWave operates primarily in memory, not disk.

D:Indexing enhances performance but is not the primary processing paradigm.

E:Key-value processing is typical in NoSQL databases, not analytical systems.

C. Define VCN, Private Client subnet, and Private Backup subnet:

These network components are necessary to ensure secure connectivity and backup configurations.

TheVCN (Virtual Cloud Network)provides network isolation.

ThePrivate Client subnetenables secure client connections.

ThePrivate Backup subnetis required for secure access toOCI Object Storagefor backups.

E. Create Exadata Infrastructure and VM Cluster resource:

Exadata Infrastructure represents the physical hardware.

VM Cluster resource defines compute and storage resources for the databases.

Both must be set up before provisioning the actual database instance.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. VCN and Universal Cloud Credits:Insufficient; more configuration is needed.

B. Service Backup subnet:Incorrect, it should be aPrivate Backup subnet.

D. No prerequisites:Incorrect; prerequisites include both network and infrastructure setup.

Scaling HeatWave Efficiently:

TheOCI CLI or Consoleprovides a streamlined way to scale the HeatWave cluster. You can easily change theshape and node countthrough the console without significant downtime. The system handles the necessary data redistribution and configuration updates automatically.

This method minimizes disruption and is significantly faster than manual reconfiguration.

OCI’s automated scaling ensures that the cluster maintainsoptimal performancethroughout the operation.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Adjusting buffer size affects memory, not cluster size.

C:Changing VM shapes does not directly affect HeatWave.

D:Recreating the cluster is inefficient and time-consuming.

E:Manual export/import introduces downtime and is not efficient for scaling.

Full Backup with bkup_api:

The --full flag in thebkup_api commandensures that the backup includesall datafiles and control files. This command is essential for creating acomplete, consistent backupsuitable for recovery purposes.

The backup is stored inOCI Object Storage, leveraging cloud scalability and redundancy.

The --dbname parameter specifies which database to back up.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:This command may initiate a default backup, not a full one.

B:Specifying files individually is less efficient than using --full.

D:The --all option does not necessarily imply a full backup.

Backup Retention Policy:

When aBaseDB system is terminated, automatic backups are not immediately deleted. Instead, they remain stored inOCI Object Storagefor the duration specified by thebackup retention policythat was configured at the time of database creation.

This approach ensures that data can be recovered even after the database instance itself is terminated.

Administrators can manually delete backups if they are no longer needed, but they arenot automatically purged.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Backups are not deleted instantly upon termination.

B:All backups are retained as per the policy, not just the most recent.

D:No automatic migration to archive tier occurs.

E:Backup retention settings are defined during provisioning, but not dynamically configurable after termination.

HeatWave as a Query Accelerator:

HeatWave enhances theMySQL Database Serviceby providing anin-memory, massively parallel query accelerator. It is specifically designed to speed upanalytical (OLAP) queries, making them run significantly faster compared to using MySQL alone.

The system stores data in acolumnar formatand processes it in memory, utilizingdistributed, parallel processingto achieve high performance.

Unlike traditional MySQL setups, HeatWave canexecute complex analytical workloadsefficiently.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:HeatWave is not a standalone database but an extension of MySQL.

C:It is optimized foranalytical workloads, not transactional.

D:It is more than just a caching layer; it actively processes queries.

E:HeatWave clusters do not split MySQL instances but enhance query processing.

Scaling Out:

Scaling out in Exadata means increasing thenumber of database server VMs and storage serversto handle a larger workload. This is achieved byadding more compute nodesand storage cells, allowing the system todistribute database processingacross multiple nodes.

This horizontal scalability is ideal for environments with fluctuating workloads or growing data volumes. It improvesquery performance and fault tolerancesince data and workload are distributed across more hardware resources.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Increasing CPU cores within a single VM is consideredscaling up.

C:Upgrading the database software version is unrelated to scaling.

D:Increasing RAM is also a form of scaling up, not scaling out.

Detailed Flash Cache Monitoring:

The commandexadcli list metricdetail -cell -metricname "flashcache.*"provides acomprehensive overviewof all metrics related toSmart Flash Cache. This includes bothread and write operations, hit ratios, and IOPS statistics.

Themetricdetailoption retrieves in-depth data, crucial for performance troubleshooting.

Theflashcache.*wildcard captures all relevant metrics associated with the Flash Cache subsystem.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Limited to current IOPS and throughput, not specifically flash cache.

C:Too broad, as it includes general cell metrics.

D:Focuses only on historical read/write IOPS, not comprehensive.

B. Network Security Groups (NSGs) for traffic control:

NSGs allow customers to defineingress and egress rulesto control network traffic.

Enhances security by restricting access to only authorized IP ranges and protocols.

Applied at theVM Clusterlevel to manage connectivity efficiently.

E. Responsibility for OS and database security:

While Oracle manages the infrastructure layer, customers are responsible for securing theoperating system and databasewithin the VM Clusters.

This includes applying security patches, configuring firewalls, and implementing user access controls.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Host-based firewalls on Exadata Infrastructure:Oracle, not the customer, configures the infrastructure-level security.

C. Oracle managing all security:Incorrect, as customers manage VM-level security.

D. Access to hypervisor:Customers do not have hypervisor-level access for security configuration.

Database Name (DB Name):

When provisioning aBaseDB VM, thedatabase nameis used to create the initial instance. It specifies how the database will be identified and helps in creating associated system files, such ascontrol files, redo log files, and datafiles. This name is crucial fordatabase instance managementand connectivity within the OCI environment.

The DB name becomes part of theDB System resource identifierin OCI, which is used in automation and management tasks.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:The hostname is specified independently during network configuration.

B:OS user accounts are configured separately.

D:The character set is chosen during database configuration, not based on the DB name.

D. The database version:

Thedatabase versionis not configurable through the Database Management Service.

The version is determined during the database instance provisioning and is independent of the management service.

The management service can monitor and manage databases of various versions, but it does not control or alter the version itself.

Why the other options are configurable:

A. Frequency of metric collection:Can be adjusted to balance performance and data granularity.

B. Specific metrics collected:Can be customized based on monitoring requirements.

C. Storage space for metrics:Some configurations allow defining the retention and storage capacity for collected data.

Oracle Cloud Agent Capabilities (C):

The Oracle Cloud Agent collects a wide range of metrics, includingOS-level, VM, and database performance metrics. These metrics are integrated with theOCI Monitoring service, where users can view them in customizable charts and dashboards.

Alarms and Notifications (D):

The OCI Monitoring service enables users to set alarms that trigger when certain thresholds are exceeded. Notifications are sent via theOCI Notifications service, providing proactive monitoring and alerting.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Users can use custom metrics alongside Oracle Cloud Agent metrics.

B:Customers are allowed to install additional monitoring agents if needed.

E:Performance data can be integrated with OCI monitoring tools, not limited to Enterprise Manager.

C. Each data item is uniquely identified by a key, and the associated value can be any data type or structure.

Key-Value Data Model:

The key-value model is fundamentally based on a simple association between a unique key and its corresponding value.

The value can be a simple data type (string, number) or a complex structure (like JSON).

Oracle NoSQL Database Cloud Service uses this model to ensure efficient, scalable data access.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Organized into tables with schemas:This represents a relational database model.

B. Stored as JSON documents:Although NoSQL can store JSON, the fundamental model is still key-value.

D. Relationships defined through foreign keys and joins:This is typical of relational databases.

E. Graph format with nodes and edges:Represents a graph database model, not key-value.

Reasoning:

TheDatabase Management Servicecan collect performance metrics from databases across different regions within the same OCI tenancy. Therefore, the geographic location of the service relative to the database isnot a common issue.

More Likely Causes:

A:IAM policies that do not grant sufficient permissions are a common issue.

B:If the database is offline, no metrics can be collected.

D:A locked database user account used by the Management Agent will prevent data collection.

Why C is incorrect:

The Database Management Service can be configured to collect metrics from databasesacross regions, as long as network access and permissions are properly configured.

B. Multiple VM Clusters within a single Exadata Infrastructure:

Multiple clusters can coexist, each isolated for specific workloads.

Supports resource optimization and isolation.

E. Sharing a single VCN:

VM Clusters within the same Exadata Infrastructure can be configured to use the same Virtual Cloud Network (VCN), streamlining network management.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Only one VM Cluster:Incorrect as multiple clusters are supported.

C. Spanning multiple infrastructures:VM Clusters do not span Exadata Infrastructures; they are confined to a single infrastructure.

D. Dedicated VCN for each cluster:Unnecessary, as clusters can share a VCN.

Primary Distinction:

The primary difference betweenBaseDB on a VMandBare Metalis how the underlying hardware is allocated:

BaseDB on VM:The infrastructure issharedamong multiple tenants, using virtualization to isolate instances.

Bare Metal Database Service:The server'sphysical hardware is dedicatedexclusively to a single tenant, offeringmaximum performance and isolation.

This exclusive access to hardware in Bare Metal allows forbetter performanceand control compared to VM-based instances.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Binaries are not always pre-installed in both cases; it depends on the configuration.

B:Oracle handles hypervisor configuration, not the user.

D:Both VM and Bare Metal allow multiple database homes if configured properly.

B. Automation of provisioning and management:

Cloud Tooling automates key tasks such asprovisioning, patching, scaling, and maintenance.

Reduces manual configuration errors and saves time.

Ensures consistency in setup and updates, minimizing downtime.

Greatly simplifies lifecycle management, making cloud deployments more efficient than on-premises.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. More granular hardware control:Cloud tooling abstracts low-level hardware management.

C. No DBA intervention:While reduced, DBAs still handle application-specific configurations and performance tuning.

D. Using older database versions:Exadata Cloud Service supportsonly supported versions, not deprecated ones.

B. Social Media Platform:

Social media applications require quick retrieval of user profiles based on unique IDs.

The key-value model supports fast lookups and simple data associations, ideal for user-centric data.

The flexibility of storing user attributes in a single document enhances performance and scalability.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Complex analytical queries:Relational or analytical databases are better suited.

C. Financial systems:Require ACID compliance and complex joins, not suitable for key-value models.

D. Content management:Typically requires a more structured approach, better handled by document databases.

E. ERP systems:Need relational integrity and complex schema support.

C. Using Oracle Data Guard for a switchover operation:

Aswitchoveris a planned role reversal between the primary and standby databases.

Zero data loss:Since both databases are synchronized, it minimizes downtime.

Ideal for planned maintenance:The primary database is switched to the standby, allowing maintenance on the original primary without downtime.

Data Guard Switchover:

sql

CopyEdit

ALTER DATABASE SWITCHOVER TO standby_db;

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Full backup with RMAN:Backup does not ensure availability during maintenance.

B. In-place upgrade:Typically involves downtime.

D. Quarterly patch:Patching often requires database restarts, causing downtime.

E. Resizing block volume:Does not maintain availability if the database requires restarting.

B. Define specific NoSQL table permissions:

The"resource"element specifies which Oracle NoSQL tables the IAM policy will apply to.

It allows fine-grained access control by linking specific tables to permission statements.

This ensures that only authorized users or groups can perform operations on specified tables.

Example IAM Policy Syntax:

{

"action": "nosql:table:read",

"resource": "ocid1.nosqltable.oc1..exampleuniqueID",

"effect": "allow"

}

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Specify IAM group:Groups are defined in the"subject"element, not the "resource" element.

C. Geographical region:The region is usually part of theOCID(Oracle Cloud Identifier), not directly specified in the resource element.

D. Set expiration date:Expiry is not defined within the "resource" element.

B. Testing patches in a non-production environment:

Critical to ensure that the patch does not introduce performance issues or compatibility problems.

Best Practice:Apply the patch to astaging environmentthat mirrors production, validate stability, and then proceed to production.

Minimizes the risk of unplanned downtime or disruptions.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Immediate application in production:Risky as untested patches might cause outages.

C. Automatic patching by OCI:OCI does not automatically apply database patches; the customer must manage this.

D. Patching the standby and failing over:While a good strategy when applicable, it still requires prior testing.

B. Optimizing schema and indexes:

Efficient schema design reduces the number of read/write operations.

Proper indexing reduces the need to scan large data volumes, minimizing the number of read capacity units (RCUs) consumed.

This proactive approach helps stay within the provisioned rate limits, avoiding throttling.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A. Increasing storage capacity:Does not address the rate of operations, only storage volume.

C. Disabling encryption:Unwise due to security risks and does not significantly impact rate limits.

D. Consolidating data into one table:Likely increases the rate of operations, worsening the problem.

A. Service Gateway for Oracle Services:

Ensures the HeatWave DB System can accessOracle Serviceslike Object Storage without using the public internet.

Essential for tasks such aspatching and backups.

C. Ingress security rules:

Allows necessary traffic to reach the HeatWave DB System.

Typically, rules will permitMySQL port (3306)and anyapplication-specific ports.

Configured usingVCN security lists or NSGs.

Why the other options are incorrect:

B. Public subnet deployment:Exposes the database to the internet, which is a security risk.

D. Dynamic routing gateway:Not mandatory unless inter-VCN connectivity is specifically required.

E. Blocking egress entirely:Restricting all outbound traffic can prevent necessary updates and communication with Oracle services.

Principle of Least Privilege:

The principle of least privilege states that users should only be granted the minimum permissions necessary to perform their tasks. This reduces the risk of accidental or malicious actions that could compromise data integrity or security.

In the context ofOracle NoSQL Database Cloud Service, implementing this principle involves configuringIdentity and Access Management (IAM) policiesto precisely define which users or groups can perform specific actions (such as read, write, delete) on particular tables. By limiting access, the system minimizes potential attack vectors and the impact of compromised accounts.

Why the other options are incorrect:

A:Granting full administrative access violates the least privilege principle and increases security risks.

C:Encryption is important, but it addresses data confidentiality, not access control.

D:Backing up data is good practice, but storing backups in a publicly accessible location is insecure.