212-89 EC Council Certified Incident Handler (ECIH v2) Questions and Answers

User Behavior Analytics (UBA) is a cybersecurity process or tool that utilizes machine learning, algorithms, and statistical analyses to detect potentially harmful activities within an organization's network by comparing them against established patterns of users' behavior. It is particularly effective in identifying malicious internal actors or compromised users who may be conducting activities that deviate from their normal behavior patterns, such as accessing unauthorized data or systems, excessive file downloads, or unusual login times. UBA tools can flag these activities for further investigation, often before traditional security tools detect a breach. In contrast, SOC2 compliance reports, log forwarding, and syslog configuration are important for maintaining and auditing security standards and for infrastructure monitoring, but they are not primarily focused on detecting malicious behavior based on deviations from established user behavior patterns.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum discusses various tools and methodologies for detecting and responding to security incidents, highlighting User Behavior Analytics as a key tool for identifying insider threats and compromised accounts through behavioral monitoring and analysis.

A permissive security policy is characterized by allowing all activities except those that are explicitly blocked. This approach starts with a default state of allowing access and functionality, with restrictions applied only to known dangerous services, attacks, or behaviors. Such a policy can lead to a wider attack surface because it assumes services and behaviors are safe unless proven otherwise.

• A prudent policy would typically involve more conservative security measures, applying necessary restrictions to protect against identified and potential threats.
• A paranoic policy would be at the extreme end of security measures, possibly blocking more than necessary to ensure the highest level of security, often at the expense of usability or functionality.
• A promiscuous policy, in contrast, would be even more open than a permissive policy, essentially allowing nearly all traffic or actions with minimal restrictions, which is not what Rica observed.

References:In the context of the ECIH v3 course by EC-Council, reviewing and understanding the implications of security policies, like the permissive policy identified by Rica, is crucial for incident handlers to assess and improve organizational security postures.

When a corporate network's servers are sending huge amounts of traffic to a specific website, as detected by the network's Intrusion Prevention System (IPS), this behavior is indicative of a Botnet attack. A Botnet is a network of compromised computers, often referred to as "bots," that are controlled remotely by an attacker, typically without the knowledge of the owners of the computers. The attacker can command these bots to execute distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, send spam, or conduct other malicious activities. In this scenario, the servers behaving as bots and targeting a website with large volumes of traffic suggests that they have been co-opted into a Botnet to potentially perform a DDoS attack on the website abc.xyz.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides discuss various types of cyber threats and attack vectors, including Botnets and their role in distributed cyber attacks.

In the context of using Wireshark, a popular network protocol analyzer, to detect ping sweep attempts on a network, the filtericmp.type==8is used. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is utilized for sending error messages and operational information indicating, for example, that a requested service is not available or that a host or router could not be reached. ICMP type 8 messages are echo requests, which are used by the ping command to test the reachability of a host on an IP network. A ping sweep consists of ICMP echo requests sent to multiple hosts to find which ones are alive. By applying theicmp.type==8filter in Wireshark, Bran can isolate and examine the echo request messages, helping to identify ping sweep attempts, which are characterized by a high volume of ICMP echo requests over a broad range of IP addresses in a short period.

References:The ECIH v3 program by EC-Council covers network monitoring and analysis techniques, including the use of Wireshark and its filters to detect various types of network scanning activities, such as ping sweeps.

The GPG18 and Forensic readiness planning (SPF) principles outline various guidelines to enhance an organization's readiness for forensic investigation and response. Principle 5, which suggests that organizations should adopt a scenario-based Forensic Readiness Planning approach that learns from experience gained within the business, emphasizes the importance of being prepared for a wide range of potential incidents by leveraging lessons learned from past experiences. This approach helps in continuously improving forensic readiness and response capabilities by adapting to the evolving threat landscape and organizational changes.

References:While specific documentation from GPG18 and SPF might detail these principles, the ECIH v3 program by EC-Council covers the concept of forensic readiness planning, including adopting scenario-based approaches and learning from past incidents as a fundamental aspect of enhancing an organization's incident response and forensic capabilities.

Static analysis involves examining the malware's memory dumps or binary codes without executing the code. This technique is used to find traces of malware by analyzing the code to understand its purpose, functionality, and potential impact. Static analysis allows for the identification of malicious signatures, strings, or other indicators of compromise within the malware's code. This method is contrasted with dynamic analysis, which studies the malware's behavior during execution, live system analysis, which examines running systems, and intrusion analysis, which focuses on detecting and analyzing breaches.References:The ECIH v3 certification program includes malware analysis techniques, highlighting static analysis as a key method for investigating malware without the risk of executing it on a live system.

Email Dossier is a tool designed to perform detailed investigations on email messages to verify their authenticity and trace their origin. It can analyze email headers and provide information about the route an email has taken, the servers it passed through, and potentially malicious links or origins. For an incident handler like Stenley, tasked with verifying the validity of emails and containing malicious email threats, Email Dossier serves as a practical tool for analyzing and validating emails received by employees. By using this tool, Stenley can identify fraudulent or suspicious emails, thereby helping to protect the organization from phishing attacks, malware distribution, and other email-based threats.

References:In the context of managing and mitigating the risks associated with email communications, ECIH v3 study materials outline various tools and techniques for email analysis and validation. These resources recommend the use of tools like Email Dossier for incident handlers to effectively scrutinize incoming emails for security threats.

Live data acquisition is the process of collecting volatile data from a system that is still running. Volatile data includes information stored in system memory (RAM), cache, and system and network configuration settings that are lost when the system is powered off. This method is essential for capturing data that can provide insights into the state of the system at the time of an incident, including active network connections, running processes, and the contents of memory. Marley must employ live data acquisition to ensure that this crucial and ephemeral data is not lost, which can be pivotal in understanding and responding to the incident effectively.

References:The concept of live data acquisition is discussed in the ECIH v3 certification program by EC-Council, which emphasizes its importance in the context of incident handling and response for capturing volatile information that could be critical to the investigation.

The Volatility framework is a widely used tool for analyzing volatile memory (RAM) dumps. It is especially useful in digital forensics and malware analysis. One of the fundamental tasks in memory analysis is to list the processes that were running on the system at the time the memory dump was taken. Thepslistcommand in the Volatility framework serves this purpose by listing all processes from the process list in memory, which can provide valuable insights into what was happening on the system, including the presence of any malicious processes.

The syntax provided in the answer option corresponds to the usage of thepslistcommand with the Volatility tool, specifying the memory dump file to be analyzed (-f /root/Desktop/memdump.mem) and the profile of the system from which the dump was taken (--profile=Win2008SP1x86). This information is crucial for accurate analysis, as the profile helps Volatility interpret the memory structures correctly.

References:The use of thepslistcommand within the Volatility framework for the purpose of analyzing running processes from a memory dump is documented in the official Volatility documentation and is a fundamental technique in the field of memory forensics as part of incident response activities.

Disabling security options such as two-factor authentication (2FA) and CAPTCHA is not a countermeasure to eradicate cloud security incidents. In fact, it is contrary to best security practices. 2FA adds an additional layer of security by requiring two forms of verification before granting access to an account or system. CAPTCHA helps prevent automated attacks by ensuring that the entity accessing the service is human. Both are important security measures that protect against unauthorized access and automated attacks, thereby enhancing cloud security.

The regular expression/exec(\s|\+)+(s|x)p\w+/ixis designed to match patterns that resemble SQL injection attempts, specifically targeting MS SQL Server. This expression looks for the use of theexeccommand followed by one or more spaces or plus signs, and then patterns that start withsporxp, which are prefixes commonly used in SQL Server stored procedures and extended stored procedures. These are often targeted in SQL injection attacks to execute malicious SQL statements. The regular expression provided is a tool used by incident responders like Tibson to identify and analyze potential SQL injection attempts by looking for suspicious patterns in SQL queries.

The vulnerability exploited by Clark through tampering with form and parameter values to gain unauthorized access to information assets is indicative of Broken Access Control. Broken Access Control vulnerabilities occur when a web application does not properly enforce restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do. Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to access unauthorized functionality or data, such as accessing other users' accounts, viewing sensitive files, and modifying other users’ data.

Employee monitoring tools are primarily used by employers to detect and prevent malicious insider threats. These tools can track activities such as data access, data exfiltration attempts, unauthorized actions, and other behaviors that could indicate malicious intent or pose a risk to the organization's security. While such tools may also incidentally uncover issues like lost registry keys, conspiracies, or stolen credentials, their main purpose is to safeguard against insiders who might misuse their access to harm the organization, steal data, sabotage systems, or engage in espionage.References:ECIH v3 study materials cover various security measures and tools that organizations can use to protect against insider threats, emphasizing the role ofmonitoring in detecting and responding to malicious activities by insiders.

In Wireshark, to identify ICMP ping sweep attempts, the filtericmp.type == 8 or icmp.type ==0is used. This filter captures ICMP echo requests and echo replies, which are indicative of ping commands. Type 8 represents an echo request used when a source sends a ping, and type 0 represents an echo reply, which is the response from the target. By filtering for these ICMP types, Miko can detect a surge in ping requests across the network, which could indicate a ping sweep attempt—an exploratory activity often used by attackers to discover active hosts on a network by sending ping requests to multiple addresses.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides often incorporate training on using network analysis tools like Wireshark, including how to use filters to detect specific types of network activities and potential threats.

Bob is in the Investigation phase of the forensic investigation process. This phase involves the detailed examination and analysis of the collected evidence to identify the source of the crime and the perpetrator behind the incident. It is a crucial step that follows the acquisition and preservation of evidence, where the incident responder applies various techniques and methodologies to analyze the evidentiary data. This analysis aims to uncover how the cybercrime was committed, trace the activities of the culprit, and gather actionable intelligence to support legal actions and prevent future incidents.References:The ECIH v3 certification materials discuss the stages of a forensic investigation, emphasizing the investigation phase as the point at which the incident responder analyzes evidence to draw conclusions about the incident's specifics.

Anti-forensics refers to techniques used to hinder the forensic analysis of a computer system. By hiding files in slack space, changing file headers, embedding suspicious files in executables, and altering metadata, BadGuy Bob is attempting to make it difficult for forensic analysts to find, analyze, and attribute the malicious activities and data on his laptop. These actions are designed to conceal evidence, manipulate digital artifacts, and obstruct investigations, making them clear examples of anti-forensic techniques. While such actions could be part of broader criminal activities, constituting a felony, and could be seen as adversarial mechanics or legal hostility in specific contexts, the most accurate classification of these techniques is anti-forensics.References:The ECIH v3 certification program includes discussions on forensic analysis and the challenges posed by anti-forensic techniques, teaching incident handlers how to recognize and counteract attempts to obstruct investigations.

MxToolbox is an online tool that provides various network diagnostics and email security checks, including looking up DNS and MX records, SPF records, and more. It can be used by incident handlers to prevent the organization against evolving email threats by analyzing domain health, checking blacklists, verifying email delivery issues, and more. While Email Header Analyzer is useful for analyzing specific emails for traces of phishing or spoofing, G Suite Toolbox might be specific to Google's services, and Gpg4win is more focused on email encryption. MxToolbox provides a broader set of functionalities for monitoring and troubleshooting email delivery issues and security threats, making it a versatile tool for incident handlers.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides often include sections on email security and the tools used to maintain it, among which MxToolbox is commonly recommended for its comprehensive features.

Fragmentation is a technique used by attackers to evade detection by Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). By breaking down packets into smaller fragments, attackers can make it more difficult for these security systems to detect malicious payloads or signature-based patterns associated with known attacks. This method exploits the fact that some IDS/IPS solutions may not properly reassemble packet fragments for analysis, thereby allowing malicious fragments to pass through undetected.

References:In its coverage of network security mechanisms and evasion techniques, the ECIH v3 certification details how attackers exploit vulnerabilities in the implementation of IDS and IPS systems, including the use of packet fragmentation.

Eradication is the phase in the incident response process where the root cause of an incident is removed or eliminated, and all attack vectors are closed to prevent similar incidents in the future. This step follows the containment phase, where the immediate threat is isolated to prevent further damage, and precedes the recovery phase, where normal operations are restored. Eradication involves thoroughly removing malware, unauthorized access mechanisms, or any other elements used in the attack, and securing any vulnerabilities that were exploited. The goal is to ensure that the threat cannot re-emerge and that the systems are secure before they are returned to operational status.References:The EC-Council's Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification guide outlines the incident response process, including the specific tasks involved in the eradication phase, to ensure that incident handlers are prepared to effectively remove threats from an organization's environment.

In Wireshark, the filtericmp.type==8is used to detect ping sweep attempts. ICMP type 8 messages are echo requests, which are used in ping operations to check the availability of a network device. A ping sweep involves sending ICMP echo requests to multiple addresses to discover active devices on a network. By filtering for ICMP type 8 messages in Wireshark, Bran can identify these echo requests, helping to pinpoint ping sweep activities on the network.

References:Wireshark, as a network protocol analyzer, is frequently discussed in the ECIH v3 program, with particular emphasis on its utility in detecting network reconnaissance activities like ping sweeps through specific filter usage.

Not enabling default administrative accounts is crucial to ensuring accountability and minimizing the risk of insider attacks by privileged users. By disabling or renaming default accounts, organizations can better track the actions performed by individual administrators, reducing the risk of unauthorized or malicious activities going unnoticed. This practice is part of a broader approach to privilege management that includes limiting permissions to the minimum necessary and monitoring the use of administrative privileges.

References:The ECIH v3 program emphasizes the importance of managing privileged access and ensuring accountability among users with elevated permissions to protect against insider threats and misuse of administrative rights.

ISO/IEC 27002 is a standard that provides best practice recommendations on information security controls for use by those responsible for initiating, implementing, or maintaining information security management systems (ISMSs). It covers areas such as risk assessment, human resource security, operational security, and communications security, among others, providing a framework for establishing, implementing, operating, monitoring, reviewing, maintaining, and improving an ISMS. ISO/IEC 27035 pertains to information security incident management, PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) deals with the security of cardholder data, and RFC 2196 is a guide for computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs), not a standard for implementing ISMSs.References:The ECIH v3 curriculum includes the study of various standards and frameworks that support information security management and governance, including ISO/IEC 27002, highlighting its role in guiding organizations in implementing effective security controls.

Volatile data refers to information that is stored temporarily and is lost when a computer is turned off or restarted, such as RAM contents, including open sockets and open ports, the date and time of the system, and the state of the network interface. The creation dates of files, however, are considered non-volatile data because they are preserved on the hard drive and remain available after the system is restarted or turned off. Non-volatile data is stored on persistent storage mediums like hard drives, SSDs, and magnetic tapes, where it remains until it is deleted or overwritten.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification emphasizes the distinction between volatile and non-volatile data in the context of digital forensics and incident response, highlighting the importance of understanding what data may be lost upon system shutdown and what data persists.

In the scenario described, Dickson is performing an active assessment. This type of vulnerability assessment involves using automated tools to actively scan and probe the network for identifying hosts, services, and vulnerabilities. Unlike passive assessments, which rely on monitoring network traffic without direct interaction with the targets, active assessments engage directly with the network infrastructure to discover vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and other security issues by sending data to systems and analyzing the responses. This approach provides a more immediate and detailed view of the security posture but can also generate detectable traffic that might be noticed by defensive systems or affect the performance of live systems.

References:The ECIH v3 curriculum by EC-Council includes discussions on various methods of conducting vulnerability assessments, highlighting the differences between active and passive techniques, as well as the contexts in which each is most appropriately used.

In the practice of digital forensics and incident handling, evidence bags play a crucial role in preserving the integrity and chain of custody of physical and digital evidence. The information typically included in the documentation on evidence bags encompasses the date and time of seizure, which provides a timestamp for when the evidence was collected; the exhibit number, which is a unique identifier assigned to each piece of evidence for tracking and reference purposes; and the name of the incident responder or individual who collected the evidence, ensuring accountability and traceability. This documentation is essential for maintaining the chain of custody, a critical element in legal proceedings, as it helps establish the evidence's authenticity and integrity by detailing its handling from collection to presentation in court. Options A, B, and C describe types of digital evidence but are not directly related to the content typically documented on evidence bags.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides emphasize the importance of accurately documenting evidence bags as part of the evidence collection and preservation process in incident handling and digital forensics.

The correct sequence to examine the originating IP address of emails involves first accessing the email's header to locate the IP address, then using external resources to investigate that address further. The steps are as follows:

• Step 2:Open the email to trace and find its header. This is the initial step because the header contains valuable information about the email's journey across the internet, including the originating IP address.
• Step 3:Collect the IP address of the sender from the header of the received mail. This detail is crucial for the next steps in the investigation.
• Step 1:Search for the IP in the WHOIS database. This database can provide information about the owner of the IP address, including the ISP and sometimes the geographic location.
• Step 4:Look for the geographic address of the sender in the WHOIS database. With the IP address information obtained from the WHOIS search, the geographic location or the originating country of the email can often be deduced, contributing to the analysis of the email's legitimacy.

References:The process of analyzing email headers to trace originating IP addresses and further investigating those addresses is a common practice in incident response, covered under the digital forensics and email analysis topics within the ECIH v3 curriculum by EC-Council.

Forensic readiness refers to an organization's ability to maximize its capability to use digital evidence effectively in an investigation, while minimizing the cost of an investigation and disruption to its operations. It involves having policies, procedures, and technologies in place to collect, preserve, and analyze digital evidence efficiently, so when an incident occurs, the organization is prepared to handle it quickly and with minimal costs. Forensic readiness not only helps in reducing the time and resources spent on investigations but also ensures that the evidence is reliable and can be used in legal proceedings if necessary.References:The concept of forensic readiness is part of the Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum, emphasizing the strategic importance of preparing for incidents in advance, including the preservation of evidence and the ability to conduct effective and efficient investigations.

The correct sequence of steps performed by incident responders during the vulnerability assessment phase is as follows:

• Perform OSINT information gathering to validate the vulnerabilities (4):Initially, Open Source Intelligence (OSINT) is used to gather information about the organization’s digital footprint and potential vulnerabilities.
• Run vulnerability scans using tools (1):Next, specialized tools are employed to scan the organization's networks and systems for vulnerabilities.
• Identify and prioritize vulnerabilities (2):The identified vulnerabilities are then analyzed and prioritized based on their severity and potential impact on the organization.
• Examine and evaluate physical security (3):Physical security assessments are also crucial as they can impact the overall security posture and protection of digital assets.
• Check for misconfigurations and human errors (6):This step involves looking for misconfigurations in systems and networks, as well as potential human errors that could lead to vulnerabilities.
• Apply business and technology context to scanner results (5):The results from the scans are evaluated within the context of the business and its technology environment to accurately assess risks.
• Create a vulnerability scan report (7):Finally, a comprehensive report is created, detailing the vulnerabilities, their severity, and recommended mitigation strategies.

This sequence ensures a thorough assessment, prioritizing vulnerabilities that pose the greatest risk and providing actionable insights for mitigation.References:ECIH v3 courses and study guides elaborate on the vulnerability assessment process, detailing the steps involved in identifying, evaluating, and addressing security vulnerabilities within an organization's IT infrastructure.

The Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) Title V, titled "Analyst Conflicts of Interest," contains measures specifically designed to restore investor confidence in the reporting of securities analysts. It addresses the issue of potential conflicts of interest for securities analysts who recommend stocks and other securities by requiring disclosure of certain relationships and financial interests between analysts and the companies they cover. This part of the SOX Act aims to ensure that investors receive unbiased and accurate information from analysts, thereby helping to restore trust in financial markets. Title V consists of only one section, making it unique compared to other titles within the Act that may encompass multiple sections or provisions.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification materials might not directly cover the specifics of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act but would underscore the importance of understanding regulatory requirements and compliance, especially in roles involving incident response and information security governance.

The term "broken account management" refers to vulnerabilities in the account management functions of web applications, which can weaken valid authentication schemes. This can include issues with how accounts are created, updated, managed, and deleted, as well as how users recover forgotten passwords or perform password resets. Poorly implemented account management functions can allow attackers to bypass authentication, elevate privileges, or assume the identity of another user. This weakness is a significant security concern because it directly impacts the ability of a system to safeguard user data and maintain operational integrity.

References:In its training materials, the ECIH v3 program addresses various web application vulnerabilities, including broken account management, emphasizing the importance of secure development practices and regular security assessments to prevent such issues.

In incident response protocols, incidents are categorized based on their severity, impact, and the urgency of the response required. The categorization helps in prioritizing incident response activities and allocating resources accordingly. A CAT 1 (Category 1) incident is typically considered the highest priority, involving significant threats that require immediate response. Given the scenario where a malware incident in one of the largest social network companies must be reported within 1 hour of discovery/detection, this indicates a high-priority incident due to the potential widespread impact and the need for a rapid response to contain and mitigate the malware's spread. The urgency of the reporting timeframe suggests that the incident is considered critical, aligning with the characteristics of a CAT 1 incident, which necessitates immediate action to prevent significant damage or disruption to the company's operations and services.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum emphasizes the importance of incident categorization and the establishment of clear reporting and response protocols based on the severity and urgency of incidents. This framework enables organizations to respond effectively to incidents like malware attacks by ensuring that high-priority threatsare quickly identified and addressed.

Restoring web application services with the help of existing backups, as performed by Robert, falls under the Recovery stage of the Incident Handling and Response (IH&R) process. The Recovery stage involves actions taken to return the organization to normal operations after an incident, which includes restoring systems to their operational state using backups, patching vulnerabilities, and ensuring that all systems are clean and secure before being brought back online. This step is crucial for resuming business operations and mitigating the impact of the incident.

James's activities, including creating anonymous access to cloud services to carry out attacks such as password and key cracking, hosting malicious data, and conducting DDoS attacks, exemplify the abuse and nefarious use of cloud services. This threat involves exploiting cloud computing resources to conduct malicious activities, which can impact the cloud service provider as well as other users of the cloud services. This abuse ranges from using the cloud platform's resources for computationally intensive tasks like cracking passwords or encryption keys to conducting DDoS attacks that can disrupt services for legitimate users.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification emphasizes understanding cloud-specific security challenges, including the abuse of cloud services, and recommends strategies for mitigating such risks, highlighting the need for comprehensive security measures to protect cloud environments.

A Trojan attack involves a type of malicious code or software that appears legitimate but can take control of your computer. Trojans often disguise themselves as legitimate software or are hidden within legitimate software that has been tampered with. They differ from viruses and worms because they do not replicate. However, once activated, Trojans can enable cyber-criminals to spy on you, steal your sensitive data, and gain backdoor access to your system. This can include unauthorized actions such as deleting files, monitoring user activities, or installing additional malicious software.

References:The ECIH v3 course details various forms of malware, including Trojans, their modes of operation, and their impact on information security. Understanding the nature of these threats is crucial for effective incident handling and response.

One of the key approaches to mitigating insider threats is ensuring that access control policies are strictly implemented and monitored. This includes the guideline that access granted to users should be thoroughly documented and vetted by a supervisor. This control helps ensure that users have only the access necessary to perform their job functions, reducing the risk of inappropriate access or misuse of information. Proper documentation and supervisor approval also ensure accountability and traceability of access decisions, which is crucial for detecting and responding to insider threats. The human resources department plays a vital role in this process, working closely with IT and security teams to enforce access control policies, conduct regular reviews of access rights, and manage the onboarding and offboarding process to ensure that access rights are appropriately updated.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) materials often emphasize the importance of comprehensive access control measures and the role of human resources in preventinginsider threats by managing the lifecycle of employee access to organizational resources.

A rogue-access point attack occurs when attackers or insiders install an unsecured access point within a trusted network, typically behind a firewall, to create a backdoor. This allows them to bypass network security measures and perform various malicious activities undetected. The use of any software or hardware access point to gain unauthorized access and conduct an attack characterizes a rogue-access point attack. This contrasts with password-based attacks, malware attacks, and email infections, which involve different methodologies and objectives, such as stealing credentials, distributing malicious software, or propagating through email systems, respectively.References:The ECIH v3 certification materials discuss various types of network attacks, including rogue-access point attacks, highlighting the risk they pose by providing unauthorized network access to attackers.

The GPG18 and Forensic readiness planning (SPF) principles outline various guidelines to enhance an organization's readiness for forensic investigation and response. Principle 5, which suggests that organizations should adopt a scenario-based Forensic Readiness Planning approach that learns from experience gained within the business, emphasizes the importance of being prepared for a wide range of potential incidents by leveraging lessons learned from past experiences. This approach helps in continuously improving forensic readiness and response capabilities by adapting to the evolving threat landscape and organizational changes.

References:While specific documentation from GPG18 and SPF might detail these principles, the ECIH v3 program by EC-Council covers the concept of forensic readiness planning, including adopting scenario-based approaches and learning from past incidents as a fundamental aspect of enhancing an organization's incident response and forensic capabilities.

High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC) is a tool designed to perform stress testing on networks or servers. It can launch a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack by enabling an attacker to overwhelm a target with HTTP POST and GET requests. HOIC's distinctive feature is its ability to attack multiple targets (up to 256 URLs simultaneously) with configurable HTTP flood attacks. This capability makes it a preferred choice for attackers aiming to disrupt services on a large scale. Unlike tools designed for debugging or vulnerability scanning (e.g., IDA Pro, Ollydbg, OpenVAS), HOIC is specifically crafted for launching DoS/DDoS attacks, making it the correct answer for Dash's objective.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides delve into various cyber attack tools, including HOIC, explaining their functionalities and potential impact as part of the comprehensive cybersecurity threat landscape education.

WMIC (Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line) is a command-line tool that provides a unified interface for Windows management tasks, including the collection of system information. It allows administrators and forensic investigators to query the live system for information about running services, their process IDs, start modes, states, and statuses, among other data. The use of WMIC is particularly valuable in incident response scenarios for gathering volatile information from a system without having to install additional software, which might alter the state of the system being investigated. By executing specific WMIC commands, Clark can extract detailed information about the services running on a system at the time of the investigation, making it an essential tool for collecting volatile data in a forensically sound manner.

References:The ECIH v3 courses and study guides emphasize the importance of collecting volatile data during incident response and digital forensics investigations. They specifically highlight the use of built-in Windows tools like WMIC for gathering essential system information without compromising the integrity of the evidence.

Auditing the system and network log files is a crucial step in the incident triage phase of the incident response and handling process. During incident triage, incident handlers assess and prioritize incidents based on their severity, impact, and the urgency of the response required. Part of this assessment involves reviewing log files to understand the nature of the incident, its scope, and the systems or networks affected. This information helps in categorizing the incident and deciding on the appropriate response actions. Unlike containment, which aims to limit the damage, incident disclosure, which involves communicating about the incident, or incident eradication, which focuses on removing the threat, incident triage is about evaluating and prioritizing the incident based on detailed log analysis among other factors.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides emphasize the role of incident triage in the early stages of the incident response process, highlighting the importance of log file analysis in assessing and prioritizing incidents.

In the described attack, where attackers pose as legitimate access points (APs) by beaconing the WLAN's SSID to lure users, the attack is known as an Evil twin AP attack. This type of attack involves setting up a rogue AP with the same SSID as a legitimate wireless access point, making it appear as an authorized network to users. Unsuspecting users may connect to this malicious AP, allowing attackers to intercept sensitive information, conduct man-in-the-middle attacks, or distribute malware. The Evil twin AP attack exploits the trust users have in known SSIDs to compromise their security.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) certification materials discuss various confidentiality and network attacks, including Evil twin AP attacks, highlighting their mechanisms and how to defend against them.

True attribution in the context of cyber incidents involves the identification of the actual individuals, groups, or entities behind an attack. This can include pinpointing specific persons, organizations, societies, or even countries that sponsor or carry out cyber intrusions or attacks. Alexis's efforts to identify and attribute the actors behind a recent attack by distinguishing the specific origins of the threat align with the concept of true attribution, which goes beyond mere speculation to provide concrete evidence about the perpetrators.

References:Threat attribution, especially true attribution, is a complex and nuanced area within cyber incident response, dealing with the identification of attackers. This concept iscovered in cybersecurity courses and certifications, such as the ECIH v3 by EC-Council, focusing on the methodologies and challenges associated with attributing cyber attacks to their true sources.

When a browser does not expire a session after the user fails to logout properly, it is indicative of a vulnerability related to broken authentication. Broken authentication is a security issue where attackers can exploit flaws in the authentication mechanism to impersonate other users or take over their sessions. Failure to properly manage session lifetimes, such as not expiring sessions on logout, can allow an attacker to reuse old sessions or session IDs, potentially gaining unauthorized access to user accounts. This vulnerability is classified under A2: Broken Authentication in the OWASP Top 10, which lists the most critical web application security risks. The OWASP Top 10 serves as a guideline for developers and web application providers to understand and mitigate common security risks.References:The OWASP Top 10 is a widely recognized standard for web application security, often referenced in cybersecurity training and certifications, including the EC-Council's Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum, which covers identification and mitigation of various web application vulnerabilities, including broken authentication.

In a disassociation attack, the attacker sends disassociation frames to a wireless access point (AP) using a spoofed MAC address of a client or to the client pretending to be the AP. This forces the target to disconnect and often reconnect, causing a disruption in the wireless connectivity. Such attacks can be used to create a denial-of-service condition for the client, making the network resource unavailable. The primary objective of this attack is not to eavesdrop but to disrupt the normal operation of the wireless connection between the client and the AP.

References:The concept of disassociation attacks and their impact on wireless network connectivity is covered in cybersecurity training materials and incident response courses, including those related to the ECIH v3 certification. These materials explain the techniques used in various network attacks, including how disassociation attacks are performed and mitigated.

Whaling is a specific type of phishing attack that targets high-profile executives or individuals within an organization, often with the intent to steal sensitive information or gain access to their accounts for financial fraud. The term "whaling" is used because it targets the "big fish" of an organization. Given that Sam identified the targets of the attack as high-profile executives, the described scenario is indicative of a whaling attack.

References:The ECIH v3 curriculum includes a section on different types of phishing attacks, including whaling, emphasizing the strategies attackers use to target individuals based on their roles within an organization.

The term that describes the combination of strategies and services intended to restore data, applications, and other resources to the public cloud or dedicated service providers is "Cloud recovery." This term encompasses disaster recovery efforts focused on ensuring that an organization's digital assets can be quickly and effectively restored or moved to cloud environments in the event of data loss, system failure, or a disaster. Cloud recovery strategies are part of a broader disaster recovery and business continuity planning, ensuring minimal downtime and data loss by leveraging cloud computing's scalability and flexibility. Mitigation, analysis, and eradication are terms associated with other aspects of incident response and risk management, not specifically with the restoration of resources to cloud environments.References:The Incident Handler (ECIH v3) curriculum includes discussions on disaster recovery and business continuity planning, highlighting cloud recovery as a vital component of ensuring organizational resilience against disruptions.

In the context of an incident response team, the role of an internal auditor like David includes identifying, evaluating, and reporting on information security risks and vulnerabilities within the organization. His responsibility is to ensure that the organization's security controls are effective and to identify any security loopholes that could be exploited by attackers. Once identified, he reports these vulnerabilities to management so that they can take the necessary actions to mitigate the risks. This role is critical inmaintaining the organization's overall security posture and ensuring compliance with relevant laws, regulations, and policies.References:Incident Handler (ECIH v3) courses and study guides cover the roles and responsibilities of incident response team members, highlighting the importance of internal auditors in identifying and addressing security vulnerabilities.